Behav Brain Res: The transcranial direct current stimulation of the outer frontal cortical cortical layer of the right back has a significant effect on the selection of risks and uncertainties involved

Over the past few decades, people have tried to use probabilities and possible outcomes to find the best solution.
analysis of known probabilities and results has become the mainstream paradigm of uncertainty theory.
, most studies ignore the difference between risk and uncertainty.
the mechanism difference between risk selection and fuzzy choice has become the focus of academic attention.
of risk and fuzzy decision-making is whether the potential probability is known.
of risk decisions is defined as "known unknown", assuming that all available options and results are known and that the probability distribution is known or can be reliably estimated.
process, statistical inference based on normative probability theory is the appropriate tool to solve decision-making problems.
, in the case of vague decision-making, the scheme and results are unknown and the probability distribution is unpredictable.
Neuroimaging studies show that the pre-frontal cortical cortical layer, the abdominal symposia amygdala, the symposia system, and the pre-frontal cortical layer all play a major role in uncertain decision-making processes, but the outer frontal cortical layer (DLPFC) plays the most prominent role.
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) studies have shown that DLPFC is activated in decision-making processes involving risks and uncertainties.
In order to further demonstrate the causal relationship between DLPFC activity and uncertainty type preference, neurostational stimulation techniques (i.e., transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) and transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)) are used to study how the regulation of DLPFC cortical activity affects an individual's appetite for risk or risk.
Most studies have used two-sided stimulation (i.e., right anode/left cathode, left anode/right cathode, and false stimulation) and concluded that right anode/left cathode stimulation on the DLPFC reduced an individual's appetite for risk compared to the fake surgical group, but there was no significant difference under fuzzy conditions.
two-sided stimulation is a traditional brain stimulation paradigm, the limitation of which is that it is difficult to determine which one-sided stimuli actually cause this effect.
based on bilateral stimulus studies, some researchers use one-sided stimulation techniques to accurately explore the function of DLPFC in uncertain situations.
there was no significant difference between right anode/left cathode stimulation and false stimulation in terms of uncertainty selection preference, but the fuzzy selection preference decreased after left cathode stimulation.
raises the question of whether the correct anode stimulation will increase the preference for ambiguous choices and offset the final effect.
TMS low-frequency unilateral stimulation has a change in risk appetite for right DLPFC, rather than a safer option.
effect of cathode tDCS on correct DLPFC? In the field of uncertainty, little research has been done on the effects of tDCS on right-hand DLPFC, and it is important to understand how the brain handles uncertainty.
paper presents the causal evidence of the effect of correct DLPFC activity regulation on risk and fuzzy decision-making.
to enhance the neuro-excitement of the right-hand DLPFC, the anode tDCS (n-29) is applied in the rDLPFC region.
also measured the preferences of the other two groups for risk and uncertainty selection, assuming that the anode stimulates the right side of the DLPFC to affect the uncertainty selection, but does not affect the risk selection.
recruited 95 healthy (no history of mental illness or neurological disorders) (45 women; average age: 19.87±1.36 years) to participate.
all subjects were normal or blind in the right eye.
were randomly assigned to receive false stimulation from anode tDCS, cathode tDCS, or through the right-hand DLPFC.
Participants were randomly subjected to one of three stimuli: anode conditions (the anode electrode was placed on the right side of the DLPFC for stimulation), cathode conditions (the cathode electrode was placed on the right side of the DLPFC for stimulation), or false stimulation (initially stimulated for 30 seconds to produce a tingling feeling associated with tDCS, and then the stimulation gradually decreased without the participants realizing it).
the experiment was based on a two-color selection task that measured participants' preferences for risk selection and uncertainty.
, participants were given a lottery ticket with a 50-50 chance of winning Rmb10 or Rmb0.
are required to choose between participating in a sweepstakes or receiving a fixed amount (RMB0-10).
participants were shown a bag containing 20 balls of the same shape and size.
the balls were either white or yellow, and participants did not know the number of balls in either color.
if they pull a white ball out of the bag, participants will get 10 yuan;
they were asked to choose between pumping a ball and getting a fixed sum of money (RMB0-10).
use 11 ordered binary options to evaluate risk and fuzzy tasks.
binary choice is made between gambling and a fixed amount.
three tDCS conditions are randomly applied to participants: (a) anode rDLPFC, (b) cathode rDLPFC, or (c) false tDCS.
according to the electro-encephalogram system, the target electrode is placed on F4 and the ratio electrode is fixed to the left arm triangular muscle.
participants were asked to complete both tasks after 20 minutes of tDCS stimulation.
the purpose of this paper is to study the impact of stimulating the correct DLPFC on risk and uncertainty decision-making, first of all, two separate one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) analysis.
the other hand, one-way A VARIance analysis of risk selection (anode, cathode and false) indicates that the main effects of treatment are not obvious (F (2,87) x 1.62, p x 0.20).
, on the other hand, one-way A VARIance analysis of the choice of uncertainty (anode, cathode, and false) indicates that the main effects of treatment are significant (F (2,87) x 15.82, p .lt;0.01, η2 x 0.14).
the ambiguous average score of the adversity under anode conditions (M s 6.73) is higher than under cathode conditions (M s 5.32) and false conditions (M s 5.76).
In order to clarify the interaction between treatment and decision-making tasks, a two-way ANOVA was conducted, with therapy (anode, cathode and false) as an inter-object factor and task type (risk selection and uncertainty) as an in-topic factor.
(therapeutic) ×2 (task type) hybrid model ANOVA shows significant results of treatment (F (2,87) s 5.46, p s 0.006, η2 s 0.11), the main effect of task type is significant (F (1,87) s 13.63, p .lt;0.001, η2 s 0.14), and the interaction of treatments by task type is significant (F (2,87) s 3.46, p s 0.036, η2 s 0.07).
differences in ambiguous preference scores between the anode and the fake surgical group were significant (p s 0.014).
study validates the role of the correct DLPFC in decision-making related to risk and uncertainty.
results showed that the ambiguity score of anode tDCS on the right-hand DLPFC was significantly higher than that of the fake surgical group.
participants were more likely to determine ambiguity based on anode conditions.
the activation of the correct DLPFC enhances ambiguity preference, which constitutes causal evidence of its role in decision-making involving uncertainty.
, there was no difference in risk appetite scores between anodes, cathodes and false groups.
anode stimulation and cathode stimulation do not have a causal relationship to an individual's risk decisions.
this paper provides additional evidence for concentrated brain stimulation research by using one-sided stimulation in decision-making.
studies have shown that two-sided stimulation of DLPFC (right anode/left cathode) has no significant effect on uncertain tasks, but one-sided left cathode stimulation reduces preference for ambiguity.
it is not clear whether the correct DLPFC for anode stimulation is effective in the decision-making process.
Xiong, G., et al., Transcranial direct current stimulation over the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex has distinct effects on choices involving risk and ambiguity. Behavioural Brain Research, 2021. 400: p. 113044. MedSci Original Source: MedSci Original Copyright Notice: All text, images and audio and video materials on this website that indicate "Source: Mets Medicine" or "Source: MedSci Originals" are owned by Metz Medicine and are not authorized to be reproduced by any media, website or individual, and are authorized to be reproduced with the words "Source: Met Medical".
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