Benzene.

benzene ring is composed of
6 sp 2hybrid carbon atoms through the
σ and π bonds to form a flat hexaplane carbon ring. The six carbon atoms in the benzene molecule are


2hybridized orbits in 3 sp

sp


2


hybrid orbit and the
s orbit of the hydrogen atom overlap, forming six carbon σ bonds and six hydrocarbon σ bonds. The angle between
2hybrid orbit is
120 degrees, which is suitable for six carbon atoms on a plane, forming a positive hexagonal benzene ring. Each of the six carbon atoms on the benzene ring has an uncluttered 2p orbit, and the symmetrical axes of each of the six 2p orbits are perpendicular to the plane of the ring and overlap each other from the side to form a closed π key. It is evenly symmetrically distributed above and below the ring plane. This type of key type of benzene is usually called π key. The electron cloud π carbon bonds in benzene molecules is completely averaged, so that the bond length and bond energy of each carbon bond in the benzene ring are equal. This shows the symmetry and stability of benzene molecules. The main chemical properties of benzene rings are that the π-bond electrons up and down the ring plane are susceptible to pro-electric
reagents
, and the result is usually a replacement reaction on the ring. Due to the stability of the benzene ring, it is more difficult to have a addition reaction on the ring.