Biooxidation review notes.

1, what are the similarity between oxidation of substances in the body and oxidation in vitro?
is biooxidation in the body. It is an enzyme-catalyzed oxidation reaction within a cell, which is carried out by enzymes at almost every step. Do not need high temperature, but also need the assistance of strong alkali and strong oxidants, in the body temperature and neutral pH environment can be carried out;
will not produce high temperature, high heat. In addition, a significant portion of the energy released gradually in the reaction enables ADP to produce ATP, which is stored in ATP molecules for physiological
bio
activities.
2, what is the breathing chain?
mitochondrial oxidation system in the mitochondrial. Its main function is to release the hydrogen of the action through a series of enzymes or coenzyme transmission, and finally with the activated oxygen into water. At the same time gradually release energy.
in ATP, an enzyme or coenzyme called an electron transfer chain that acts as a hydrogen delivery or electron. They arrange the membranes of the mitochondrials in a certain order, forming hydrogen-delivering or hydrogen-delivering electrons. A series of knock-on effects of the system are related to the breathing of oxygen in the cell membrane, also known as the respiratory chain.
3, list the role of vitamins in biooxidation.
Vitamin B2 and Vitamin PP are involved in biooxidation.
nucleoflutin is a coenzyme component of yellow enzymes, and Vitimide is a coenzyme
dehydrogenase
and dehydrogenase.
coenzyme I. (Co I.), nicotinamide adenine II
nucleotides
(NAD plus), is the coenzyme of many dehydrogenases in the body. It is an important link between the action and the respiratory chain. Molecules contain nicolamide (NAD plus), ucose, phosphoric acid and adenotides. The main function of NAD plus is to accept 2H (2H plus 2e) removed from the metabolite and pass it on to another conveyor, the keratin protein.
Coenzyme II. (Co.II.), there are many types of NADP-yellow protein, which are supplemented by two kinds, one is the single nucleotide (FMN) of the progesterone and the other is the adenine glucosine d nucleotide (FAD). Both contain nucleoflutin, and FMN contains a molecule of phosphoric acid, while FAD contains only one more adenotide (AMP) than FMN.
protein catalytic metabolite dehydrogenation, which can be accepted by the enzyme's co-base FMN or FAD (the meaning of dehydrogenase). NADH dehydrogenase is a type of vending protein that transfers hydrogen from NADH to NADH dehydrogenase's co-base FMN, reducing FMN to FMNH2. There are still a lot of dehydrogenase is based on FAD, such as amberyl dehydrogenase, they can directly take off the hydrogen into the respiratory chain.4, cytochrome system divided into what categories? What are their auxiliary foundations?
cell pigment is an iron-containing electron transfer body located in the membrane of a mitochondrial, which is supplemented by an iron barbed wire. Now according to its absorption
spectral
is divided into three categories, namely cytochrome a, b, c
cytochrome classification of its co-base
A pigment a, a3 is difficult to separate, to form a complex, Cyt aa3's co-base is hemolyte A, it is the only electron can be passed to oxygen cytochrome, so also called cytochromase.
A3
. B Ferrogen IX. (which binds to
peptides
chains without a co-price bond)
C hemoebin c
C1 hemoebin c 5, how is ATP generated in the trial body?
ATP is the only energy that bio
tissue
cells can directly use, and the energy released in the oxidation and decomposition of substances such as sugars, lipids, and
proteins
can be used in a significant part to make ADP phosphate into ATP.
two ways of ATP production in the body, the effect (substrate) level phosphate and oxidation phosphate.
1, substrate level phosphate: in high-energy
compounds
release energy at the same time, accompanied by ADP phosphate to produce ATP (why does this phosphate occur that?) Called substrate level phosphate, independent of the electronic transmission of the respiratory chain. ATP formed by phosphate at substrate level is a small proportion in the body.
e.g. only 4 (or 6) of the 36 (or 38) mol ATP produced by the complete oxidation of glucose of 1 mol (3-phosphate glycerol) is produced by the level phosphate of the substrate, and the rest of the ATP is produced by phosphate oxide.
2, phosphoxication: metabolite oxidation dehydrogenation is transmitted through the respiratory chain to oxygen to generate water at the same time, the release of energy to make ADP phosphate into ATP, because the oxidation reaction of metabolites and ADP phosphate reaction occurred in association, so called phosphate oxide. It is worth noting that oxidation phosphate is the main way to produce ATP in the body, in sugar, fat and other oxidation and decomposition metabolism, except for a few, almost all through phosphate oxide to produce ATP.
3, if a reaction only metabolite oxidation reaction, not accompanied by ADP phosphate into ATP, it is called phosphate oxide de-coupled.
4, what is a shuttle system? What are the important shuttle systems in the body? What's the importance? NADH and FADH2 produced in
mitochondrials can be directly involved in the process of oxidation phosphorylation, but the NADH generated in the cell fluid cannot freely pass through the mitochondrial membrane, so the hydrogen carried by the extraterrestrial NADH must pass through some transport mechanism to enter the mitochondrial, and then through the respiratory chain for phosphorylation process. This requires a shuttle system to assist in this. (Q: Can FADH2 enter the mitochondrial membrane freely?) There
two kinds of shuttle systems: the appleic acid-winterline shuttle action and the α-phosphate glycerosin shuttle action:
1, α-glyceline shuttle. This shuttle action is mainly present in the brain and skeletal muscles, so the 3-phosphate glyceride dehydrogenation produced by 3-phosphate glyceride dehydrogenation in these tissues can be shuttled through α-phosphate glycelin into the mitochondrials, producing 36 molecules of ATP.
2, the role of the apple acid-winterline shuttle. Present in tissues such as the liver and myocardial muscle, so NADH plus H,38 molecules of ATP produced during glycolytic dehydrogenation in these tissues can be shuttled into mitochondrials through the appleic acid-winterine.
3, hydrogen peroxide enzyme, peroxide enzyme what physiological function? What are the differences and differences in mechanism?
Hydrogen peroxide enzyme: based on hemolybin, is an important enzyme to catalyz H2O2 decomposition;
peroxidase: catalytic H2O2 decomposition produces water and releases oxygen atoms directly oxidizing phenols and amines.
4, explain the following nouns:
biooxidation, respiratory chain, oxidation phosphate, phosphate, P/O ratio, superoxide dismification enzyme.
Biooxidation: the oxidation of substances in the organism is broken down into biooxidation, in the cell's mitochondrial body and outside the mitochondrial can be carried out, but the oxidation process in different mitochondrials with ATP production capacity, its main manifestation is the consumption of oxygen in the cell and the release of CO2, so called cellular breathing. (Only oxidation in mitochondrials is associated with ATP production, and CO2 and water production are in line granules.) Respiratory chain: The main function of mitochondrial oxidation system is to release the hydrogen of the active body through a series of enzymes or coenzyme transmission, and finally with the activation of oxygen into water, while gradually releasing energy, so that ADP phosphate to produce ATP, energy stored in ATP, the transfer of hydrogen or electron action of the enzyme or coenzyme into an electronic transfer body. A series of knock-on effects of the system are associated with the cell's oxygen intake of the breathing process, so called the breathing chain. Phosphate: Metabolite oxidation dehydrogenation is transmitted through the respiratory chain to oxygen to produce water at the same time, the release of energy to make ADP phosphate into ATP, because the oxide reaction of metabolites and ADP phosphate reaction occurred in association, called phosphate oxide.
phosphate oxide is the main way to produce ATP in the body, in sugar, lipids and other oxidation and decomposition process, almost all through phosphate oxide to produce ATP, if only metabolic oxidation, not accompanied by the process of ADP phosphate, then become phosphate phosphate decommissioning.
substrate level phosphate: while high-energy compounds release energy, accompanied by ADP phosphatization to generate ATP, the effect of phosphate level phosphate, independent of the electronic transmission of the respiratory chain. It is also the level of phosphate of the substrate. . P/O ratio: The P/O value is the number of moles required to consume inorder phosphorus for each mole of oxygen atom consumed. In the process of phosphate oxide, inorganic phosphoric acid is produced by ADP phosphate, so the number of atoms of inorganic phosphorus can indirectly reflect the number of ATP generation. superoxide disambiguase: superoxide disambiguase (SOD), is the human body's defense of the internal and external environment of superoxygen ions on the human body's important enzyme. SOD is widely found in a variety of organizations and has a very short half-life. SOD inhibits tumor growth, and its reduced activity is a characteristic of many tumors. At the same time, SOD can reduce the scope and extent of myocardial infarction caused by isteremia in animals.
.