Cell membrane camouflage helps the drug-carrying system evade the immune system

The immune system is the most powerful defense barrier in the organism, monitoring the health of cells and tissues, identifying foreign invaders (e.g. viruses, bacteria, micro-organisms, etc.), performing immune clearance tasks, and ensuring the safe functioning of life. However, while the immune system successfully removes the threat of foreign invasion, nano-carriers involved in drug transport in the body are also subject to intervention by the immune system, leading to drug transport barriers. Therefore, how to help nano carriers escape the body's immune clearance, prolong the cycle time in the organism, has become a research direction of researchers.
Natural red blood cells can travel freely and smoothly between blood vessels and tissue organs without immune attacks, mainly because of the large amount of membrane protein (CD47) distributed on the surface of the red blood cell membrane for identification through the immune system. The researchers were inspired to use natural red blood cell membranes to functionalize the surface of nano carriers. First of all, the natural red blood cell membrane separation vesicle, with the help of physical extrusion, ultrasonic fusion, microflow processing and other means to achieve the reconstruction of natural red blood cell membrane in a variety of nano-carrier surface (Figure 1). By the nano-carrier camouflaged by red blood cell membrane, using the complex biological composition and function of cell membrane, the successful "spoofing" of the body's immune system makes it a non-invasive source, smoothly through immune identification, extend the circulatory time in the blood, improve the effectiveness of drug supply in the lesions. The study also found that the pseudo-coating of red blood cell membranes not only helps drug carriers extend blood circulation time, but also improves their biological compatibness and reduces the concentration and toxic side effects in internal organs. Subsequently, based on the research of red blood cell membrane camouflage material, the researchers developed a series of drug vectors based on plate plate membrane, macrophage membrane, stem cell membrane, cancer cell membrane and bacterial membrane camouflage, these new drug vectors are more diversified in function, taking into account the function of long circulation and drug load in the blood, and integrate the characteristics of active targeting, immunoantigen, biological anti-fouling, removal of blood toxins, etc., to enhance the application potential of nano-drug vectors in tumor diagnosis and treatment.
Junbai Researcher Group of the Institute of Chemistry of the Chinese Academy of Sciences has developed a series of nanotransmitters based on cell membrane camouflage, which significantly improve the delivery efficiency of drug molecules in the body and the phototherapy effect of tumors. Recently, the team has promoted a deeper understanding and cross-cutting of the field with other disciplines based on developments in this field of research, and a recent review published in the National Science Review, "Cell film-Covered Nanoparticles as Biomaterials". This paper summarizes the research progress of nano-carriers in cell membrane camouflage, explains the advantages and importance of combining synthetic nano-drug vectors with natural cell membranes, and looks forward to the potential application of cell membrane pseudo-nano-carriers in future clinical medicine.
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