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This article is original by Translational Medicine.
Please indicate the source for reprinting.
Author: Ashley Guide: Why do pain and anxiety speed up breathing? Recent research has discovered a neural network that harmonizes breathing rhythms with feelings of pain and fear to explain this problem and help develop an analgesic that prevents opioid-induced respiratory depression (OIRD)
.
In OIRD, opioids inhibit breathing and pain, which is also the main cause of death from opioids
.
By understanding the relevant mechanisms in the research, it may be possible to manipulate certain neuron populations through drug intervention to control pain without changing breathing
.
You are startled by the threatening sound, and you will breathe faster; if you break your elbow, you will breathe out of pain
.
Why a person’s breathing rate increases sharply when injured or anxious was previously unclear
.
Now, a team of Salk scientists has discovered a neural network in the brain that harmonizes breathing rhythms with feelings of pain and fear
.
In addition to their contributions to the field of pain management, psychology of anxiety, and philosophical research on the nature of pain, their findings may also lead to the development of an analgesic to prevent opioid-induced respiratory depression (OIRD), that is, respiratory interruption leading to overdose death
.
In a study titled "Divergent brainstem opioidergic pathways that coordinate breathing with pain and emotions" published in Neuron on December 17, 2021, the Salk group focused on a group of brainstem called the lateral parabrachial nucleus.
Neurons, these neurons are arranged in a nuclear-shell shape
.
They found that core neurons project to the amygdala, which is the area of the brain that processes the emotional experience of fear and pain
.
Neurons in the outer shell project to the pre-Bötzinger complex, which produces a breathing rhythm
.
Nuclear neurons and putamen neurons influence each other based on the input of these areas, so that we breathe faster when we experience pain or anxiety
.
Sung Han, senior author of the paper and assistant professor of the Salk Clayton Peptide Biology Foundation Laboratory, said: “We are the first group to demonstrate how the lateral parabrachial nucleus coordinates breathing and pain
.
By understanding the circuits in this brain region, we may be able to Combing breathing regulation and pain regulation, and developing a drug that suppresses pain without inhibiting breathing, just like OIRD
.
"In OIRD, opioids inhibit breathing and pain, which is the main cause of death from opioids.
Reason
.
In previous work, Han's laboratory showed that opioids like morphine inhibit breathing by triggering specific receptors called mu-opioid receptors (MOR), causing the neurons that express them to be suppressed
.
They also showed that reactivating MOR-expressing cells can reverse OIRD
.
Current work suggests additional ways to prevent OIRD, possibly by inhibiting neurons in the core of the area (bluffing fear/anxiety) while stimulating similar neurons in the outer shell (supporting breathing)
.
To show how these neurons coordinate breathing in response to pain and emotion, the researchers first used light and chemicals to prove that manipulating MOR-expressing neurons in the lateral parabrachial nucleus can change the breathing rate of mice
.
Then, they used fluorescent tracers to map inputs and outputs to MOR-expressing neurons
.
Their results showed that neurons gathered in the core of the area projected to the central amygdala, while neurons gathered in the surrounding shell projected to the pre-Bötzinger complex
.
The electrophysiological recording of one group while stimulating another group shows that some of the subgroups are interconnected, and there is an excitatory network between them
.
Through this network, the signals of fear and pain are coordinated with the breathing rhythm
.
Shijia Liu, a graduate student in the Han laboratory and the first author, said: "We have discovered very complex circuits involving upstream and downstream inputs of these neurons
.
By revealing the mechanism of this circuit, we can better explain why breathing is often associated with pain.
Coordinating with anxiety
.
" Han is eager to see the team’s findings can be transformed and applied, he said: "The biggest problem at the moment is that opioids can reduce pain, but they can also reduce breathing, so people will die
.
By understanding us With these two mechanisms in the study, perhaps we can manipulate certain neuron populations through drug intervention, so that we can control pain without changing breathing
.
"Han’s team is currently conducting genetic analysis on the core and shell populations.
To determine functional markers that specifically regulate pain or breathing
.
The other authors of the study are Mao Ye, Gerald M.
Pao, Jinho Jhang, Jonghyun Kim, Sukjae Joshua Kang, Dong-Il Kim of Salk; and Samuel Myeongsup Song and Haibei Jiang of the University of California, San Diego
.
Reference materials: https://medicalxpress.
com/news/2021-12-pain-anxiety-impact-cellular.
html Note: This article aims to introduce the progress of medical research and cannot be used as a reference for treatment options
.
If you need health guidance, please go to a regular hospital for treatment
.
Recommendation·Activity [Live Preview] Application Progress and Practice Discussion of NGS Technology in Cancer Clinical Research [Online Seminar] 2021 Congenica Genome Analysis Platform Clinical Practice Seminar, sharing themes with big names, and giving away multiple gifts! Popular·Article Cancer Research [Cell] Chinese scientists and their teams created barcodes to quickly decipher the "chat" gut microbes between cancer cells [BMJ Sub-Journal] Why are good foods suddenly intolerant? New research has identified a unique profile of intestinal bacteria that is highly sensitive to dietary therapy for irritable bowel syndrome, the new coronavirus [Nature sub-Journal] Human genetics perspective-how genetic mutations affect our immune cells, resulting in different severity of COVID-19 Virus [Nature Sub-Journal] Appropriate vitamin D supplementation can fight inflammation, including new coronary pneumonia! Cancer Research [Cell Sub-Journal] MIT researchers have discovered a secret way to fight tumors-wear tumor cell vests and kill tumor cells! Basic research [Nature Sub-Journal] is amazing! 3D images of mouse skulls help scientists create new bones! Basic research [ATS Sub-Journal] Breakthrough! To map the most comprehensive molecular roadmap of human lung proteins, scientists identified and measured 8,938 proteins!
Please indicate the source for reprinting.
Author: Ashley Guide: Why do pain and anxiety speed up breathing? Recent research has discovered a neural network that harmonizes breathing rhythms with feelings of pain and fear to explain this problem and help develop an analgesic that prevents opioid-induced respiratory depression (OIRD)
.
In OIRD, opioids inhibit breathing and pain, which is also the main cause of death from opioids
.
By understanding the relevant mechanisms in the research, it may be possible to manipulate certain neuron populations through drug intervention to control pain without changing breathing
.
You are startled by the threatening sound, and you will breathe faster; if you break your elbow, you will breathe out of pain
.
Why a person’s breathing rate increases sharply when injured or anxious was previously unclear
.
Now, a team of Salk scientists has discovered a neural network in the brain that harmonizes breathing rhythms with feelings of pain and fear
.
In addition to their contributions to the field of pain management, psychology of anxiety, and philosophical research on the nature of pain, their findings may also lead to the development of an analgesic to prevent opioid-induced respiratory depression (OIRD), that is, respiratory interruption leading to overdose death
.
In a study titled "Divergent brainstem opioidergic pathways that coordinate breathing with pain and emotions" published in Neuron on December 17, 2021, the Salk group focused on a group of brainstem called the lateral parabrachial nucleus.
Neurons, these neurons are arranged in a nuclear-shell shape
.
They found that core neurons project to the amygdala, which is the area of the brain that processes the emotional experience of fear and pain
.
Neurons in the outer shell project to the pre-Bötzinger complex, which produces a breathing rhythm
.
Nuclear neurons and putamen neurons influence each other based on the input of these areas, so that we breathe faster when we experience pain or anxiety
.
Sung Han, senior author of the paper and assistant professor of the Salk Clayton Peptide Biology Foundation Laboratory, said: “We are the first group to demonstrate how the lateral parabrachial nucleus coordinates breathing and pain
.
By understanding the circuits in this brain region, we may be able to Combing breathing regulation and pain regulation, and developing a drug that suppresses pain without inhibiting breathing, just like OIRD
.
"In OIRD, opioids inhibit breathing and pain, which is the main cause of death from opioids.
Reason
.
In previous work, Han's laboratory showed that opioids like morphine inhibit breathing by triggering specific receptors called mu-opioid receptors (MOR), causing the neurons that express them to be suppressed
.
They also showed that reactivating MOR-expressing cells can reverse OIRD
.
Current work suggests additional ways to prevent OIRD, possibly by inhibiting neurons in the core of the area (bluffing fear/anxiety) while stimulating similar neurons in the outer shell (supporting breathing)
.
To show how these neurons coordinate breathing in response to pain and emotion, the researchers first used light and chemicals to prove that manipulating MOR-expressing neurons in the lateral parabrachial nucleus can change the breathing rate of mice
.
Then, they used fluorescent tracers to map inputs and outputs to MOR-expressing neurons
.
Their results showed that neurons gathered in the core of the area projected to the central amygdala, while neurons gathered in the surrounding shell projected to the pre-Bötzinger complex
.
The electrophysiological recording of one group while stimulating another group shows that some of the subgroups are interconnected, and there is an excitatory network between them
.
Through this network, the signals of fear and pain are coordinated with the breathing rhythm
.
Shijia Liu, a graduate student in the Han laboratory and the first author, said: "We have discovered very complex circuits involving upstream and downstream inputs of these neurons
.
By revealing the mechanism of this circuit, we can better explain why breathing is often associated with pain.
Coordinating with anxiety
.
" Han is eager to see the team’s findings can be transformed and applied, he said: "The biggest problem at the moment is that opioids can reduce pain, but they can also reduce breathing, so people will die
.
By understanding us With these two mechanisms in the study, perhaps we can manipulate certain neuron populations through drug intervention, so that we can control pain without changing breathing
.
"Han’s team is currently conducting genetic analysis on the core and shell populations.
To determine functional markers that specifically regulate pain or breathing
.
The other authors of the study are Mao Ye, Gerald M.
Pao, Jinho Jhang, Jonghyun Kim, Sukjae Joshua Kang, Dong-Il Kim of Salk; and Samuel Myeongsup Song and Haibei Jiang of the University of California, San Diego
.
Reference materials: https://medicalxpress.
com/news/2021-12-pain-anxiety-impact-cellular.
html Note: This article aims to introduce the progress of medical research and cannot be used as a reference for treatment options
.
If you need health guidance, please go to a regular hospital for treatment
.
Recommendation·Activity [Live Preview] Application Progress and Practice Discussion of NGS Technology in Cancer Clinical Research [Online Seminar] 2021 Congenica Genome Analysis Platform Clinical Practice Seminar, sharing themes with big names, and giving away multiple gifts! Popular·Article Cancer Research [Cell] Chinese scientists and their teams created barcodes to quickly decipher the "chat" gut microbes between cancer cells [BMJ Sub-Journal] Why are good foods suddenly intolerant? New research has identified a unique profile of intestinal bacteria that is highly sensitive to dietary therapy for irritable bowel syndrome, the new coronavirus [Nature sub-Journal] Human genetics perspective-how genetic mutations affect our immune cells, resulting in different severity of COVID-19 Virus [Nature Sub-Journal] Appropriate vitamin D supplementation can fight inflammation, including new coronary pneumonia! Cancer Research [Cell Sub-Journal] MIT researchers have discovered a secret way to fight tumors-wear tumor cell vests and kill tumor cells! Basic research [Nature Sub-Journal] is amazing! 3D images of mouse skulls help scientists create new bones! Basic research [ATS Sub-Journal] Breakthrough! To map the most comprehensive molecular roadmap of human lung proteins, scientists identified and measured 8,938 proteins!
