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The chemical synthesis of RNA, like
DNA
, is carried out in the 3′ to 5′ direction to take advantage of the high chemical reactivity of the 5′-hydroxyl group. Solid-phase chemistry currently provides the most effective means for the scale-up of RNA synthesis. The biological activity of chemically synthesized RNA (
1
–
3
), equivalent to that of RNA derived by transcription methods (
4
–
6
), is contingent on efficient synthesis and purification protocols. Chemical synthesis also allows for site-specific modifications, such as deoxynucleotides, phosphorothioates and modified nucleotides (
7
–
11
).
