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Starting from December 8, 2019, a new type of coronavirus disease (Corona Virus Disease 2019, COVID-19) has appeared in Wuhan, China
.
The epidemic spread quickly to the whole country and within a certain range of the world
.
While the COVID-19 vaccine is being widely promoted, the vaccination rate in some low-income countries is only 4.
5%.
Among them, the population on the African continent accounts for 17% of the global population, but its vaccination rate is only 2%
.
The main ways of transmission of new coronary pneumonia are direct transmission, aerosol transmission and contact transmission
.
Direct transmission refers to the infection caused by the patient's sneezing, coughing, and talking droplets, and the direct inhalation of the exhaled gas; aerosol transmission refers to the droplets mixing in the air to form aerosols, which cause infection after inhalation; contact transmission refers to Droplets are deposited on the surface of the object.
After touching the contaminated hands, they then touch the mucous membranes of the mouth, nasal cavity, and eyes, resulting in infection
.
People infected with the new coronavirus will release a large amount of aerosols when they speak, breathe or cough.
In addition to the physical barriers and vaccinations currently used, biological methods must also be considered to minimize the spread of the virus
.
The oral cavity is an important gateway for SARS-CoV-2 virus to enter.
Oral epithelial cells are rich in ACE2 and GM1 receptors to which the virus attaches.
They play a particularly important role in virus transmission or continuous reinfection
.
In June of this year, Henry Daniell’s research group published an article titled Affordable oral health care: dental biofilm disruption using chloroplast made enzymes with chewing gum delivery on PBJ.
By using chloroplast genetic engineering to efficiently express oral biological enzymes, it can effectively eliminate the oral cavity.
Pathogens enhance oral hygiene and safety
.
After expressing biological enzymes through plant chloroplasts, freeze-drying technology was used to add plant cells to imported chewing gum.
After testing, it was found that the expressed protein not only has functions but also can be stored stably at room temperature, and released into the oral cavity by chewing
.
The main source of the new coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 in the process of aerosol transmission is human saliva and the back of the tongue.
Reducing the virus content in the oral cavity of COVID-19 patients is an effective way to slow down the spread of the virus
.
Recently, Henry Daniell’s research group published an online article titled Debulking SARS-COV-2 in saliva using angiotensin converting enzyme 2 in the chewing gum to decrease oral virus transmission and infection on Molecular Therapy
.
By expressing the virus capture protein CTB-ACE2 in plant chloroplasts, it is processed into chewing gum
.
Studies have shown that CTB-ACE2 can effectively capture SARS-CoV-2 and remove the virus from the saliva or swab samples of COVID-19 patients.
CTB binds to the GM1 co-receptor, and ACE2 binds to its receptor, thereby preventing SARS-CoV- 2 Enter the host cell through these two receptors
.
Figure 1 TB-ACE2 can effectively capture SARS-CoV-2 CTB is a transmucosal carrier.
By forming a five-member complex and binding to GM1 epithelial receptors, CTB-ACE2 can interact with GM1 and ACE2 receptors on the surface of the receptor cells The binding site binds to prevent the virus from entering the recipient cell, and the direct binding of ACE2 to the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein can capture virus particles and reduce infectivity (Figure 2)
.
Figure 2 Pharyngeal swab samples from COVID-19 patients In order to determine the effectiveness of ACE2 in the viral infection mediated by the spike protein, the authors used SARS-CoV-2 pseudotyped lentivirus (also known as lentiviral particles) to carry expression fluorescence The hamster ovary (CHO) cells expressing human ACE2 were infected with the reporter gene, and the SARS-CoV-2 lentiviral particles expressing luciferase were incubated with the specified concentration of ACE2 for 90 minutes at room temperature
.
After centrifugation, the virus-containing supernatant was incubated with ACE2-expressing CHO cells for 72 hours, and the virus infectivity was measured by luciferase
.
The results showed that the higher the ACE2 content, the more obvious the inhibitory effect (Figure 3)
.
Figure 3 ACE2 chewing gum inhibits the infectivity of SARS-CoV-2 pseudovirus in vitro.
At the same time, the author tested the ACE2 activity in the saliva of COVID-19 patients and found that its ACE2 activity dropped sharply compared with healthy individuals
.
After incubating the CTB-ACE2 protein with the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein in vitro, it was found that the ACE2 activity was also significantly reduced.
This result indicates that the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 directly binds to the full-length ACE2 via RBD.
, Thereby inhibiting the activity of ACE2 (Figure 4)
.
Figure 4 Full-length ACE2 activity in human saliva and plants.
In order to evaluate the changes in the virus content in the saliva of COVID-19 patients after adding ACE2, the author used microdrop digital PCR (ddPCR) to quantify the virus content in the patient’s saliva and found After ACE2 was added, the viral nucleic acid molecules in the saliva were significantly reduced, indicating that ACE2 has a significant effect on reducing the viral particle content in the saliva of COVID-19 patients (Figure 5)
.
Figure 5 The reduction of COVID-19 copies after ACE2 is added.
The oral cavity is an important portal for SARS-CoV-2 virus to enter, and it plays a particularly important role in the spread of the virus or continuous reinfection
.
The heterogeneity of the oral mucosa at the cellular level and the presence of receptors including ACE2 and GM1 promote the entry of oral pathogens
.
Reducing the viral load in saliva can reduce the risk of potential carriers to transmit the virus and minimize reinfection to reduce the impact of COVID-19
.
The salivary glands are the main part of SARS-CoV-2 replication.
In the study, the author explored the ability of CTB-ACE2 to capture SARS-CoV-2 to remove the virus from saliva, laying the foundation for clinical testing to reduce oral viral load and transmission
.
This study provides a novel and low-cost concept to reduce the reinfection of SARS-CoV-2 through saliva and reduce the spread of the virus through oral aerosols.
In countries where there is no vaccine or cannot afford a vaccine, it can be provided to patients Time to build immunity
.
In particular, it can not only protect individuals at home, but also protect medical staff from being infected by patients without masks during oral surgery and dental cleaning
.
Recent reports have shown that the amount of virus in saliva of delta variants is >1,000 times.
Therefore, it is very important to eliminate SARS-CoV-2 in saliva
.
Although masks can prevent the virus from spreading to others, they cannot protect the infected person from re-infection
.
As a biological material, chewing gum provides a new solution in the spread of the current epidemic
.
Original link: https://onlinelibrary.
wiley.
com/doi/full/10.
1111/pbi.
13643 https:// Plant Biotechnology Pbj Exchange Group to help more effectively A large number of scientific researchers obtain relevant information, Plant Biotechnology Pbj has established a WeChat group, Plant Biotechnology Journal submissions and document-related questions, public account publication content and public account submission questions will be concentrated in the group for answers, and communication within the group is encouraged.
Academic, collision thinking
.
In order to ensure a good discussion environment in the group, please add the editor WeChat first, scan the QR code to add, and then we will promptly invite you to join the group
.
Tips: When adding the editor WeChat and after joining the group, please be sure to note the school or unit + name.
Please indicate the PI at the end and we will invite you to join the PI group
.
.
The epidemic spread quickly to the whole country and within a certain range of the world
.
While the COVID-19 vaccine is being widely promoted, the vaccination rate in some low-income countries is only 4.
5%.
Among them, the population on the African continent accounts for 17% of the global population, but its vaccination rate is only 2%
.
The main ways of transmission of new coronary pneumonia are direct transmission, aerosol transmission and contact transmission
.
Direct transmission refers to the infection caused by the patient's sneezing, coughing, and talking droplets, and the direct inhalation of the exhaled gas; aerosol transmission refers to the droplets mixing in the air to form aerosols, which cause infection after inhalation; contact transmission refers to Droplets are deposited on the surface of the object.
After touching the contaminated hands, they then touch the mucous membranes of the mouth, nasal cavity, and eyes, resulting in infection
.
People infected with the new coronavirus will release a large amount of aerosols when they speak, breathe or cough.
In addition to the physical barriers and vaccinations currently used, biological methods must also be considered to minimize the spread of the virus
.
The oral cavity is an important gateway for SARS-CoV-2 virus to enter.
Oral epithelial cells are rich in ACE2 and GM1 receptors to which the virus attaches.
They play a particularly important role in virus transmission or continuous reinfection
.
In June of this year, Henry Daniell’s research group published an article titled Affordable oral health care: dental biofilm disruption using chloroplast made enzymes with chewing gum delivery on PBJ.
By using chloroplast genetic engineering to efficiently express oral biological enzymes, it can effectively eliminate the oral cavity.
Pathogens enhance oral hygiene and safety
.
After expressing biological enzymes through plant chloroplasts, freeze-drying technology was used to add plant cells to imported chewing gum.
After testing, it was found that the expressed protein not only has functions but also can be stored stably at room temperature, and released into the oral cavity by chewing
.
The main source of the new coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 in the process of aerosol transmission is human saliva and the back of the tongue.
Reducing the virus content in the oral cavity of COVID-19 patients is an effective way to slow down the spread of the virus
.
Recently, Henry Daniell’s research group published an online article titled Debulking SARS-COV-2 in saliva using angiotensin converting enzyme 2 in the chewing gum to decrease oral virus transmission and infection on Molecular Therapy
.
By expressing the virus capture protein CTB-ACE2 in plant chloroplasts, it is processed into chewing gum
.
Studies have shown that CTB-ACE2 can effectively capture SARS-CoV-2 and remove the virus from the saliva or swab samples of COVID-19 patients.
CTB binds to the GM1 co-receptor, and ACE2 binds to its receptor, thereby preventing SARS-CoV- 2 Enter the host cell through these two receptors
.
Figure 1 TB-ACE2 can effectively capture SARS-CoV-2 CTB is a transmucosal carrier.
By forming a five-member complex and binding to GM1 epithelial receptors, CTB-ACE2 can interact with GM1 and ACE2 receptors on the surface of the receptor cells The binding site binds to prevent the virus from entering the recipient cell, and the direct binding of ACE2 to the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein can capture virus particles and reduce infectivity (Figure 2)
.
Figure 2 Pharyngeal swab samples from COVID-19 patients In order to determine the effectiveness of ACE2 in the viral infection mediated by the spike protein, the authors used SARS-CoV-2 pseudotyped lentivirus (also known as lentiviral particles) to carry expression fluorescence The hamster ovary (CHO) cells expressing human ACE2 were infected with the reporter gene, and the SARS-CoV-2 lentiviral particles expressing luciferase were incubated with the specified concentration of ACE2 for 90 minutes at room temperature
.
After centrifugation, the virus-containing supernatant was incubated with ACE2-expressing CHO cells for 72 hours, and the virus infectivity was measured by luciferase
.
The results showed that the higher the ACE2 content, the more obvious the inhibitory effect (Figure 3)
.
Figure 3 ACE2 chewing gum inhibits the infectivity of SARS-CoV-2 pseudovirus in vitro.
At the same time, the author tested the ACE2 activity in the saliva of COVID-19 patients and found that its ACE2 activity dropped sharply compared with healthy individuals
.
After incubating the CTB-ACE2 protein with the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein in vitro, it was found that the ACE2 activity was also significantly reduced.
This result indicates that the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 directly binds to the full-length ACE2 via RBD.
, Thereby inhibiting the activity of ACE2 (Figure 4)
.
Figure 4 Full-length ACE2 activity in human saliva and plants.
In order to evaluate the changes in the virus content in the saliva of COVID-19 patients after adding ACE2, the author used microdrop digital PCR (ddPCR) to quantify the virus content in the patient’s saliva and found After ACE2 was added, the viral nucleic acid molecules in the saliva were significantly reduced, indicating that ACE2 has a significant effect on reducing the viral particle content in the saliva of COVID-19 patients (Figure 5)
.
Figure 5 The reduction of COVID-19 copies after ACE2 is added.
The oral cavity is an important portal for SARS-CoV-2 virus to enter, and it plays a particularly important role in the spread of the virus or continuous reinfection
.
The heterogeneity of the oral mucosa at the cellular level and the presence of receptors including ACE2 and GM1 promote the entry of oral pathogens
.
Reducing the viral load in saliva can reduce the risk of potential carriers to transmit the virus and minimize reinfection to reduce the impact of COVID-19
.
The salivary glands are the main part of SARS-CoV-2 replication.
In the study, the author explored the ability of CTB-ACE2 to capture SARS-CoV-2 to remove the virus from saliva, laying the foundation for clinical testing to reduce oral viral load and transmission
.
This study provides a novel and low-cost concept to reduce the reinfection of SARS-CoV-2 through saliva and reduce the spread of the virus through oral aerosols.
In countries where there is no vaccine or cannot afford a vaccine, it can be provided to patients Time to build immunity
.
In particular, it can not only protect individuals at home, but also protect medical staff from being infected by patients without masks during oral surgery and dental cleaning
.
Recent reports have shown that the amount of virus in saliva of delta variants is >1,000 times.
Therefore, it is very important to eliminate SARS-CoV-2 in saliva
.
Although masks can prevent the virus from spreading to others, they cannot protect the infected person from re-infection
.
As a biological material, chewing gum provides a new solution in the spread of the current epidemic
.
Original link: https://onlinelibrary.
wiley.
com/doi/full/10.
1111/pbi.
13643 https:// Plant Biotechnology Pbj Exchange Group to help more effectively A large number of scientific researchers obtain relevant information, Plant Biotechnology Pbj has established a WeChat group, Plant Biotechnology Journal submissions and document-related questions, public account publication content and public account submission questions will be concentrated in the group for answers, and communication within the group is encouraged.
Academic, collision thinking
.
In order to ensure a good discussion environment in the group, please add the editor WeChat first, scan the QR code to add, and then we will promptly invite you to join the group
.
Tips: When adding the editor WeChat and after joining the group, please be sure to note the school or unit + name.
Please indicate the PI at the end and we will invite you to join the PI group
.
