【Deep Coating Society Popular Science Knowledge】Aerogel Expert Q&A

Aerogel Expert Exchange Q: What are the main technical routes of aerogels? What are the advantages and disadvantages of these processes, which is the mainstream process in the market at present?

A: The main routes are divided
according to different types.

According to the precursor of the reaction, it is divided into two technical routes: silicone source and inorganic silicon source, silicone source: methyl orthosilicate, ethyl orthosilicate as raw material, inorganic silicon source: react with inorganic compounds such as water glass to obtain aerogel; According to the process drying route, it is divided into three categories: carbon dioxide supercritical, the most mainstream drying process of Chinese manufacturers, some manufacturers use ethanol supercritical, and some enterprises are studying atmospheric pressure drying production process
.

Q: From the perspective of raw materials, how many are the main applications of the two types of silicon sources?

A: Silicone sources are basically used in large-scale production, and some manufacturers may use inorganic silicon sources
in research and publicity.

From September to October 2021, bulk raw materials have risen a lot, silicone source prices have risen a lot, the early price of 11-12 yuan / kg, rising to 27-28 yuan / kg, more than twice as much, but mainstream manufacturers still use silicone source process, because the use of silicone source initial investment is relatively large, but post-processing will have relatively large savings, inorganic silicon sources such as water glass early silicon source price is very cheap, as long as 1/10 of the silicone source, but water glass contains sodium ions, chloride ions, etc.
, After generating aerogels, it is necessary to clean the ions, and a large amount of solvent needs to be used to replace the water in the colloid with an organic solvent before proceeding to the next step
.

The use of inorganic silicon sources, the cost savings in the front migrate backward, the overall technical route and even the cost will be higher, and at the same time face a large number of wastewater treatment, solvent treatment, so the current large-scale production of aerogel manufacturers will still use silicone sources
overall.

Q: What is the difference in product quality and performance between silicone sources and inorganic silicon sources?

A: The product quality will be better when the silicone source is made, and the gel generated by the inorganic silicon source needs to go through the process
of water washing, ion replacement, and organic solvent replacement.

Aerogel is a hollow nanostructure, nano-diameter pores, filled with solvent before generating aerogel, silicone production full of organic solvent, no need to treat directly can proceed to the next step; The product made of inorganic silicon source is filled with water, and the cleaning and solvent replacement process will destroy the hollow nanostructure, which is caused by different molecular pressure and some damage during solvent replacement, and there is a gap
between the product quality and the product quality made from the silicone source from the perspective of the body surface area and saturation coefficient of the product.

Q: From a cost perspective, how much of silicone source (10mm) is needed for a cubic meter?

What is the current cost?

A: According to the traditional 10mm calculation, a cubic is 100 square meters, and the silicone source is 3000-4000 yuan, depending on the weight of the manufacturer's silicone, which basically falls in this range
.

1 flat 30-40 yuan, 25-26 yuan/kg
.

At present, mainstream manufacturers use ethyl orthosilicate, and there are 1-2 household orthosilicate methyl esters: Guizhou Wujiang Hangtian Electromechanical Equipment Co.
, Ltd.
, and Hualu New Materials, which has technical cooperation with him
, also uses methyl orthosilicate.

(1 cubic meter, 100 square meters, aerogel weight, 120kg
.
) ）

Q: Is methyl orthosilicate purchased or synthesized by yourself?

A: All large-scale production of aerogel enterprises silicon sources are purchased, whether it is methyl orthosilicate or ethyl orthosilicate
.

Wujiang Aerospace and Hualu New Materials are also purchased
.

Ethyl orthosilicate is hydrolyzed to obtain ethanol during the formation of aerogel, but methyl orthosilicate is hydrolyzed to produce methanol, so we do not consider it
.

Q: In the case of rising costs, will Audemars Piguet consider replacing ethyl ester with methyl ester?

A: The price of methyl orthosilicate is actually only 1 yuan / kg cheaper (according to the preliminary quotation of Hualu supplier), and the purpose of using methyl ester is to have a higher
hydrolysis reaction rate.

Ethyl ester as raw material hydrolysis reaction may take an hour, methyl ester molecular chain is relatively short, molecular structure is relatively loose, the reaction rate will be much faster, 40-45 minutes can be completed
.

However, the problem faced by methyl orthosilicate is that the formation of methanol is toxic, there is a risk of poisoning accidents, and there are higher requirements
for equipment and personnel protection.

Audemars Piguet, Nano, and Sea Eagle all use ethyl ester
.

The rate of methyl ester is higher, but the risk is unacceptable, and it is better to sacrifice the rate and react with relatively safe raw materials, and the current methyl ester is only Wujiang (Hualu has not yet formed large-scale production capacity).

Q: What is the total scale of domestic aerogels at present, and the existing scale and capacity under construction of several large enterprises?

A: In 2021, there will be 8-9 mainstream enterprises in the entire market, and the revenue of large-scale enterprises will be about 9.
5-1000 million, and the information introduced through bidding / bidding is pushed out in several major fields of petroleum and petrochemical, new energy, and foreign trade, and the data is basically accurate and may be different
.

Alison 170 million, Nano 150 million, Wujiang 120 million, Haiying 130 million, Audemars Piguet 1-110 million, Henan Fanrui 8000w, Jinna 6000-7000w, Zhongning 4000-5000w, Iwatani 7000w, others such as Hualu, Zhongke Runzhi, a total of 2000-4000w
.

Domestic aerogel sales in 2021 are currently
about 9.
5-1000 million.

Q: Why do these industries include Alisen, Audemars Piguet and the planners started building new capacity last year?

A: The aerogel industry is more special, the sales spread is not high, but the manufacturer's production capacity is relatively high, and the capacity utilization rate of 30-40% is very low
.

Reason 1: Related to
the needs of the aerogel industry.

At present, the two sectors of petroleum and petrochemical and new energy account for a relatively large proportion, these two sectors have obvious characteristics: aerogel products will follow the project, for example, Sinopec has a section of pipeline, decided to overhaul in April, the entire pipeline and deployment equipment to stop production, maintenance needs to be completed in a short time, if the bid is won for this project, the company needs to supply a large number in a short time, forming explosive product demand
.

The high production capacity can cope with peak demand, customers have different needs for performance indicators, and it is easy to accumulate too much inventory, so by increasing the upper limit of production capacity as much as possible, we can achieve a short-term response to explosive demand
.

Cause 2: The need to
reduce costs.

In the past, cost control through raw material price reduction was considered, and the cost of aerogel would decrease
to a certain extent every year.

However, since 2021, the cost of aerogel raw materials has increased very quickly, more than doubling, and the price increase of raw materials has a great
impact on our costs.

The biggest problem affecting the promotion of aerogels is the price issue, which requires some breakthroughs and progress
in technology and process.

Through the scale effect to reduce prices, the same time can produce more quantity of products, the cost of spreading to each square meter of product is lower, now to expand production is such considerations, as far as possible to reduce costs to increase profit margins, so companies in this aspect now invest a lot, increase production lines
.

Reason 3: Optimistic about the future development of
aerogels.

The field of aerogel applications continues to expand, such as the rapid growth of new energy, and the demand for aerogels is growing rapidly
.

The growth rate in other aspects is not very fast, but with the continuous development of application fields, textile and garment, LNG field, more industries will use aerogels in the future, so reserve capacity
now.

Q: What are the prices of aerogels in new energy vehicles and petrochemical insulation pipelines?

A: Petrochemical: mainly divided into Sinopec, PetroChina, local refineries three situations (CNOOC basically does not use aerogel) Sinopec: EPIC price certification, 15,000 yuan / cubic, aerogel belongs to EPIC certification primary product PetroChina: aerogel belongs to secondary products, no need to bid for the frame, the price is relatively low, their own bidding fish mixed beads, 20-30 yuan lower than Sinopec Local refineries: more complicated, relatively low profits, aerogels cannot sell the price, about 100-120 New energy: there are more manufacturers of aerogels in new energy, aerogels are divided into three categories: pre-oxide silk-based, glass-fiber-based, ceramic fiber-based aerogels, each type of thickness is different, the thickness and petroleum petrochemical (10mm) is not the same, in the 0.
5mm-4.
8mm range, generally 1-2mm, the span is larger
.

Preoxyfilament-based aerogel 80-130 yuan/square meter; Glass-based aerogels are cheaper, with a thickness of 0.
5mm of 40 yuan / flat, a thickness of no more than 100 yuan / flat, mainly concentrated in 40-90 yuan / flat; Ceramic fiber-based aerogel, is a new product developed only recently in 2020, the price is relatively high, the cost is also high, 90-170 yuan / square
.

Overall, on average, new energy is 100 yuan / square meter (more thin ones are used), and the overall average selling price is not very high
.

Q: How much aerogel does a battery pack need? How much is the value of aerogel used in a new energy vehicle?

A: At present, there are cooperation with many battery factories, in the early Ningde era, now BYD, Samsung, Guoxuan have project cooperation
.

The minimum dosage is 0.
5 square meters, the maximum is about 2.
5 square meters, generally 1.
5-2 square meters of items are more, and a battery pack uses 1.
5-2 square meters
.

The latest developed advanced manufacturers use 4 square, which is an extreme case
.

If the price of aerogel felt is sold, 150-200 yuan / naked felt
.

But aerogel is not directly used in the battery, aerogel belongs to inorganic thermal insulation materials, the common problem of inorganic thermal insulation materials is to lose fiber and powder, put to the position of the middle gap of the cell module as a fireproof heat insulation pad, with the vehicle driving during the vibration shaking bumps, the battery pack around the easy to fall powder, will be processed
.

Processing aerogel, completed at the processor, aerogel felt out of the field first supplied to the processing plant, there are many processing methods, BYD coated PE film, glass fiber cloth, CATL spray type, silicone frame, foreign mica sheet, encapsulated with other materials, forming aerogel heat insulation sheet, covering aerogel in all directions, no dust will fall on the battery tank
.

Asked the aerogel felt to the processing plant for membrane cutting (according to the size of the specifications given by the battery factory), stamping and cutting, heat insulation sheet one by one sold to the manufacturer, generally punching and packaging after the price reaches 4-6 times the price of aerogel sold to them, we 100 yuan / square, the price after processing 500 yuan / square, a car 1.
5-2 square, a battery pack, aerogel heat insulation sheet battery factory cost 750-1000 yuan, does not include assembly
.

Except for Audemars Piguet and others that do not do film cutting and processing, the processing plant gives the battery factory a price of ×5
.

Q: Can the added value of the processing plant reach 5 times?

A: The added value of processing plants has always been very high, and the technical content of processing plants in the direction of new energy is relatively high
.

Die-cutting is relatively simple, and packaging is a technical
test.

Many packaging equipment is independently developed, we cooperate to visit, can not see the packaging equipment, packaging equipment has, the market packaging equipment is difficult to achieve better results
.

Encapsulating dust is a great test for technology, BYD sealing PE film technology requirements are high, engineers are specially transformed, large processing plants basically have a large technical team support
.

Processing plants are also facing difficulties, new energy vehicle power battery pack, the gap between each module is relatively thin, 0.
1-0.
2mm more than aerogel heat insulation pad, the gap between the two modules is 2mm, aerogel heat insulation pad needs thickness control is very accurate, between 1.
8-2-2mm, less than will shake vibration to produce noise, greater than can not be installed, die cutting plant packaging after the product loss that does not meet the regulations is borne by the die cutting plant
.

The overall profit of the processing plant is still okay, like the Ningde era, Dongguan Sixiang was invested by the listed company Gao Lan shares, optimistic about new energy profit revenue and future growth
.

Q: How much will aerogels be demanded in automobiles in the future?

A: BYD has several processors to supply, we only made one processor in Huizhou, the comprehensive information is not understood
.

In 2021, aerogel sales will be 1 billion yuan, and new energy vehicle aerogels will be about 3.
3-340 million, accounting for 33%-34%.

Q: Which is faster, pipeline or new energy?

A: New energy is faster, with new energy vehicle aerogel revenue of 1.
7-180 million in 2020 and 340 million in 2021, an increase of 95%; Petroleum and petrochemical 4.
6-470 million, the growth is not very fast, an increase of about 20% over 2020, may also be related to the base, and the new energy base in 2020 is only 170 million
.

Q: Will there be any other increase in the current new energy vehicles, or will it simply rely on the number of new energy vehicles?

A: The increase in the amount of new energy vehicles, the original consumption of 1.
5-2 square meters / battery pack, now the latest received the manufacturer's project book, the dosage is 4 square, may be a battery pack consumption will double
.

In addition, ternary lithium battery, high nickel, fast charging, market share further expanded, this technology brings fire insulation demand will also further increase the demand for aerogel, 622,523 will become less, 211,955 will become more
.

Personally, I think that any product will have a certain life in a certain field, and the material is no longer needed at a certain stage of development, aerogels in the field of domestic new energy vehicles were first used in the Ningde era in 2016, but whether it will always be applied in the battery pack of new energy vehicles is not necessarily, the Ningde era is researching new power solid-state batteries, which are expected to be mass-produced in 2030, may be postponed for a year or two, the thermal stability of the new battery has been improved, and there may be no need for aerogel to do the power battery pack, flame-retardant silicone foam, Melamine foam can meet the demand
.

Aerogels have an application time
of about 15 years from 2016 to 2032.

Q: Conversion method, 1 cubic meter 10mm thick, 100 square 3000-4000 yuan, 25-26 yuan/kg, conversion coefficient?

A: There is no cost coefficient, it is calculated according to the production consumption, and the production consumption has a matching method
.

Generally speaking, the national standard density of aerogels: 200±20kg/cubic meter
.

Q: Will there be a shortage of ethyl orthosilicate?

A: October-November 2021 is very tight, now the price has dropped a little, large-scale procurement of 24-26 yuan/kg, small-scale 5-6 yuan/kg higher than this price is also normal
.

Previously, power rationing and the country's vigorous development of the photovoltaic industry required great demand for silicon
.

The purchase cost of 1 square meter, in addition to the silicon at the front end, but also hydrophobic modified silane, also requires the reinforced fiber of aerogel composite materials, plus artificial hydropower, and now the cost is 90 yuan / square
.

Previously, all raw materials were cheap, and silicon-containing ones were cheap
.

Selling 150 to downstream is a reasonable price
.

The amount of silicon used in new energy vehicles is not so much, and the thickness is thin
.

Q: The capacity and price of the three factories of Audemars Piguet, Gaoguangda and Gaolan Dongguan?

A: This includes two types of enterprises, Audemars Piguet and has the ability to produce aerogels and processing capabilities, pre-oxyfilament-based, glass-fiber-based, ceramic-based aerogels, Audemars Piguet and specialized in aerogels, CATL ternary square and lithium battery, with a market share of about
80%.

Preoxyfilament-based: Audemars Piguet, Seahawk, Pansharp, Ellison, is certified, fiberglass: Audemars Piguet, Seahawk, Pansharp, Iwatani
.

Other companies buy aerogel processing, Gao Lan
.

Pre-oxament-based mainstream 2-3mm, priced at 80-130 yuan, the cost is less than half
.

Gao Guangda, in cooperation with Alisen, took the pre-oxidation yarn, the processing method is spraying, Gao Guangda now has a high defective rate, and now does very little
in Ningde.

Gao Lan shares, into the shareholder Guan Sixiang, in the aerogel insulation pad supply chain is more powerful, but all the enterprises involved will participate, source: Sea Eagle, Nano, Panrui.

Dongguan Sixiang, the supply is not clear
.

The largest supply to the Ningde era is Audemars Piguet and Dongguan Sixiang
.

Pan-Asia micro-transparent related progress, the acquisition of Dayin Xisheng, boasting of obtaining CATL laboratory certification, in fact, through laboratory certification is only a very initial stage of the project, like many of our products have passed the certification of CATL laboratory, but in the end these products are not supplied, first of all, see whether the product has the ability of mass production, laboratory proofing is very simple, mass production can achieve the same quality in the laboratory is another problem, if the supply of products is unqualified, not timely, there is reverse work, resulting in production line stoppage, The loss caused by the shutdown of the main engine plant is calculated by the minute, and it must be very sure of the product before doing it
.

Second, after passing the certification, product quality also needs to have a business certification, Ningde has a bad reputation in the industry, it often uses the price of one product to pressure the price of another product, the price it gives, the profit margin is very low
.

Q: According to the domestic new energy vehicle aerogel revenue of 300 million last year, domestic 300W volume passenger cars, and 200 single vehicles, the high nickel penetration rate can reach 50%?

A: There are two problems
in calculating the overall sales of domestic new energy vehicles in this way.

First, the revenue of new energy vehicle aerogels, not all refers to domestic, not domestic aerogels, many aerogel manufacturers in addition to sales to domestic CATL, BYD, and foreign enterprises, Samsung SDI, LG also some in use, SK, there are also many purchases in China, because the price is cheap
.

Second, the amount is not very accurate to high nickel, high nickel ternary lithium is in use, like 622, early 523 is also in use
.

Another technical route lithium iron phosphate, in addition to BYD blade batteries, some other companies are also using
.

Q: Ethyl orthosilicate, 24-26 is the price, calculated unit consumption is lower than 0.
2?

A: 3000/25, 26, each manufacturer has its own formula ratio, are different, take a relative median calculation
.

Take a conservative number, and it is normal for the single consumption calculation to be higher, involving the manufacturer's formula problem
.

The cost has risen more, looking at ethyl orthosilicate, more than 10,000 / ton has risen to more than 20,000 / ton
.

Hydrophobic agent silane, silane coupling agent originally 30-40 yuan / kg, now rose to 80-90 yuan / kg, disilazane
.

Q: In the future, will the original manufacturers of orthosilicate expand their willingness to lead the demand for aerogels, or will ethyl orthosilicate be willing to expand production only if it rises to a certain extent?

A: The operation of upstream raw material manufacturers is not very clear
.

The largest ethyl orthosilicate in China is Chenguang, and the willingness to expand production is not clear, but the procurement of silicon is a relatively big problem, and the aerogel supply problem can not only look at ethyl orthosilicate, but also see silicon
up.

Q: How can Eli's production be expanded?

A: The state of unsaturated production, if the operating rate is less than 50% of the year, whether the depreciation and amortization can offset the advantages brought by the scale effect depends on the stage of input, the input is more difficult from 0-1, but we are now 4-5, 5-6, the ancillary equipment has been fully equipped, only need to increase the core equipment, the impact of the investment is relatively not so high
.

The production capacity has expanded greatly, but the failure to win orders has also become a big problem
in the aerogel industry.

At the same time, optimistic about the future development of aerogel applications, clothing, and domestic LNG are relatively small, and production capacity will still be used
.

1 million square meters of 100 million investment, how much the total investment is apportioned, from 0-1 is not enough, this figure is low, equivalent to 8-90,000 square meters / month, a hundred million investment amount is
less.

Q: How many tens of thousands of square meters to invest and then increase the core equipment can reach 4-5, what is the total investment amount of Ellison to expand to 80,000 square meters?

A: From 07-now more than 500 million in 14 years, last year from 5 to 80,000 cubic meters, 3 million square meters, the investment only increased by 5-60 million
.

The core equipment refers to the curing line, supercritical autoclave, both
.

High voltage doubled, capacity expanded (now we are 3000)

Q: Are there steam pipelines in use in the pipelines of petrochemical plants now?

A: Petrochemical steam pipelines are relatively few, mainly pipelines on the side of thermal power plants, which transport steam pipelines
to factories in industrial areas.

The proportion of steam pipelines and Sinopec production pipelines has not been
counted.

Civil heating pipes, except for Beijing heating, are not used
.

Steam delivery to industrial areas, overhead and buried are used, many cases follow the load structure, aerogel and glass fiber mixed
.

Q: polyurethane foam, silicone foam, melamine foam price?

A: Polyurethane foam looks at the quality, generally 1X yuan / square, relatively cheap
.

Q: Among the 10,000 square meters of investment, which are relatively rigid (core supercritical equipment, the investment cost cannot be reduced by expanding the investment), and which are other land and process projects (marginal costs will be reduced), these two parts account for the proportion?

A: Curing line and supercritical equipment are unavoidable investment costs, if you increase production, you need to raise the quantity or capacity, and the initial investment needs to be designed in advance; The solvent treatment system needs to be set up at the beginning, and there is no need to move it after the expansion; The power system, boiler, other supporting equipment, and large transformer of the gate can be designed to a large size at the beginning, put the future demand into it, and increase the production line later, and the supporting facilities do not need to increase the cost
.

Q: 5-80,000 square meters, has the investment intensity decreased later, and how big is the latest 10,000 square meters of investment intensity?

A: Now 10,000 square meters invest 20-30 million, the mature process is like this
.

Q: How much hydrophobic agent is in the cost? Hydrophobic agent choice?

A: We mainly use hexamethyldisilazane, other manufacturers may use trimethoxysilane, the cost accounts for 12%.

There will be more than 1,000 yuan in the cost of 9,000 yuan
.

Q: Among the three aerogel processes, carbon dioxide supercritical drying is mainly used, is there a strong technical barrier for new entrants?

A: New entrants prepare aerogels, the technical barriers are not too high, if you want to achieve high efficiency and low cost, it will take a long time to explore
.

Carbon dioxide supercritical can buy a complete set of equipment, Guizhou Wujiang, Yangu, Meagritte, there will be a complete set of equipment to provide
.

The production of carbon dioxide supercritical for aerogels, it is not difficult to buy equipment, but the level is still very different, and process transformation and optimization take time to accumulate
.

Q: The hydrophobic agent trimethoxysilane, the cost is more than 1000, plus ethyl orthosilicate 3000-4000, the cost of silicon accounts for 50%?

A: The cost of silicon + glass fiber accounts for 60%, and the cost reduction of raw materials is very important
for aerogels.

The other 40% is manufacturing costs, amortized depreciation and labor costs, and some container costs, which cannot be reduced much
in terms of scale effect.

If the upstream silicon source manufacturers also produce aerogels, the price will be more dominant, and the price will be cheaper
for Chenguang to make aerogels.

Q: Is Alison considering expanding upstream, acquiring, self-building, and cooperating?

A: It is possible to acquire, for an upstream manufacturer to invest / holding, self-built is the least likely, basically impossible, not to mention from the upstream self-built orthosilicate ethyl ester, even downstream processing plant die-cut packaging, Audemars Piguet and downstream this set we did not do, we have limited energy, the main funds are placed in R & D and production, rather broaden the application field, applied to various fields
.

In terms of ability, it is also difficult to do it upstream, and the energy consumption of ethyl orthosilicate production has brought a series of environmental impact assessment and management work, and we are currently reluctant to get involved in this area
.

Q: The price of ethyl orthosilicate rose to 30,000+ last year, and the demand for aerogels has grown this year?

If ethyl orthosilicate rises in price again, can it bear this cost?

A: In the past, new energy factories signed contracts every year to have a decline in price, this year will not be the case, because the cost has been under pressure very much, the price of ethyl orthosilicate in the future will continue to rise, there will be great pressure
on the cost.

For us, we are less worried than other manufacturers, and there are still some special core technical means to control the total cost, which belongs to the most core technical secret
.

In terms of formula, process, and equipment, we are still relatively conservative, and there may be more radical changes, even if the cost of silicon sources rises to 30 yuan / kg, our cost will not change too much, but the quality of products may fluctuate
over a period of time.

In terms of demand growth, new energy vehicles are expected to have a relatively large increase, conservatively estimated at 80-90%; Petroleum and petrochemicals are relatively stable for us, with an annual growth rate of 15-25%; In terms of heat network heat and power, in 2021, due to the rise of bulk raw materials (especially steel), many projects were delayed and did not start, and the heat network heat and power in 2021 was much lower than in 2020, almost cut down, and this year's heat grid heat and power will recover to the 2020 level or even better
than in 2020.

Other potential demand: In 2021, foreign trade broke out, foreign epidemic, our exports doubled in 2021 compared to 2020, and foreign trade in the first three months of this year increased by about
20% compared to last year.

Q: Overseas pattern?

A: Overseas, we sell through European agents, we don't know
much.

Q: What are the expansion enterprises in China this year and next?

A: Ellison expanded to 80,000 cubic meters (target 100,000 cubic meters), Wujiang to 30,000 cubic meters, Sea Eagle to 25,000 cubic meters, Pan-Swiss from 0.
75 to 15,000 cubic meters (low base), Audemars Piguet and heard to expand to 20,000 cubic meters, and Nano heard that it expanded to 60,000 cubic meters
.

Q: Atmospheric pressure drying may become the mainstream process?

A: Not possible
at the moment.

Aerogel three types of products: aerogel plate, aerogel felt, pure aerogel, pure aerogel atmospheric drying can be done, the other two products atmospheric pressure drying will be of worse quality
.

The main problem is that in the process of atmospheric drying, solvent extraction and volatilization will eventually cause structural damage (supercritical will not), the surface flatness of the aerogel felt produced is relatively poor, the uneven thickness is serious, which restricts its development, the problem of atmospheric drying solvent treatment is relatively large, and the solvent treatment equipment extracted by supercritical drying of carbon dioxide is relatively simple
.

Regardless of the cost, atmospheric pressure drying cannot achieve the product quality made by carbon dioxide supercritical, and there is no need to think too much at
present.

Source: PwC

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