【Deep Coating Society Popular Science Knowledge】Thorough standardization

Definition and characteristics of the standard

The so-called standard is a normative document
that is jointly used and reused by consensus and approved by a recognized body in order to obtain the best order within a certain range.
This is the definition
of the standard by the three major international standards organizations of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC), and the International Telecommunication Union (ITU).
From this definition, the standard has the following four characteristics
.

First, authority
.
Standards should be approved and published by authoritative bodies, have technical authority in relevant fields, and be recognized
by society.
Recommended national standards shall be formulated by the administrative department in charge of standardization under the State Council; Industry standards shall be formulated by the relevant administrative department of the State Council and reported to the administrative department of standardization under the State Council for the record; Local standards shall be formulated
by the competent administrative departments for standardization of the people's governments of provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government.
Once a mandatory national standard is issued, it must be enforced
.

Second, democracy
.
Standards are developed through full stakeholder consultation and listening to the views
of all parties.
For example, the mandatory national standard "Electric Bicycle Safety Technical Specifications" issued in May 2018 was formed by the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, the Ministry of Public Security, the former State Administration for Industry and Commerce, the former General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine (National Standards Commission) and other departments, organized experts in electric bicycle related scientific research institutions, testing institutions, production enterprises, colleges and universities, industry organizations, consumer organizations and other aspects to set up a working group to jointly negotiate and revise, and widely solicit opinions from the public
.

The third is practicality
.
The purpose of the formulation and revision of standards is to solve real or potential problems, obtain the best order within a certain range, and achieve maximum benefits
.

Fourth, it is scientific.

Standards come from the practical activities of human society, and their production is based on the results of scientific research and technological progress, and is the summary
of practical experience.
In the process of standard formulation, the key indicators should be fully experimentally verified, the technical content of the standard represents advanced scientific and technological innovation achievements, and the implementation of standards is also an important process
of industrialization of scientific and technological achievements.

There are two forms of standard, one is a text standard, and the other is a physical standard, that is, a standard sample
.
A text standard is an official publication that is copyrighted
.
A standard sample is a material or substance with one or more good characteristic values, which is mainly used to calibrate instruments, evaluate measurement methods, and assign values to materials
.

The role of standardization

The so-called standardization is the process of
formulating standards, implementing standards, and supervising and managing them.
Due to the wide application of standards, the role of standardization is also reflected in all aspects
.

First, standardization has a bottom-line role
in ensuring health, safety and environmental protection.
The purpose of the state in formulating mandatory standards is to ensure the safety of human health and life and property, national security, and ecological and environmental safety
.
Whether or not mandatory standards are well formulated and not implemented in place has a bearing on the vital interests
of the masses of the people.

Second, standardization has a regulatory role
in promoting economic transformation and upgrading, improving quality and efficiency.
The essence of the standard is technical specifications, in the corresponding scope has a strong influence and binding force, many products and industries, a key indicator of the improvement, will drive the technological transformation and quality upgrading of enterprises and industries, and even bring about the reshuffle of the industry
.

Third, standardization plays a leading role
in promoting the transformation of scientific and technological achievements and cultivating and developing a new economy.
In the past, there were generally products first, and then there were standards, and standards were used to standardize the development of
the industry.
Now there is a new trend that standards are synchronized with technology and products, and even standards are first available before corresponding products
.
The "multiplier effect" created by the combination of innovation and standards can better drive technology

Fourth, standardization plays a supporting role
in promoting social governance and public services.
Standards are an important method of scientific management and an important tool
for simplifying administration, reforming the shortcomings of cumbersomeness, and implementing fair policies.
In the comprehensive management of social security, the construction of beautiful villages, and the improvement of basic rural public services, standardization has increasingly become an important starting point
.

Fifth, standardization has a passport role
in promoting international trade and technological exchanges.
When a product enters the international market, it must first comply with the standards of international or other countries, and the standards are also the basis
for trade arbitration.
Studies by international authorities show that standards and conformity assessment affect 80% of international trade
.

China's standardized management and new standard system

China's standardized management system

According to the "Standardization Law," China's standardization work implements a management system
of "unified management and division of labor and responsibility.
" "Unified management" means that the government standardization administrative department carries out unified management
of standardization work.
Specifically, the standardization administrative department under the State Council uniformly manages the national standardization work; The local administrative departments for standardization at the county level or above shall uniformly manage standardization work
within their respective administrative areas.
In order to strengthen unified management, the State Council has established an inter-ministerial joint conference system for standardization, coordination and promotion, with the leader in charge of the State Council serving as the
convener.
Local people's governments at the districted-city level or above may also establish standardization coordination and promotion mechanisms as needed for work, and make overall plans and coordinate major matters
in standardization work within their administrative regions.
"Division of labor and responsibility" means that the relevant administrative departments of the government are responsible for the standardization work
of their own departments and industries according to the division of duties.
Specifically, the relevant administrative departments of the State Council shall be responsible for the standardization work of their own departments and industries, and the relevant local administrative departments at or above the county level shall be responsible for the standardization work
of their respective departments and industries within their respective administrative regions.

A new standard system

Through standardization reform, China has built a new standard system
in which the standards formulated by the government and the standards independently formulated by the market are coordinated and coordinated.
The system consists of five levels of standards, namely national standards, industry standards, local standards, group standards and enterprise standards
.
Among them, national standards, industry standards and local standards belong to the standards led by the government, and group standards and enterprise standards belong to the standards
independently formulated by the market.

National standards
.
Technical requirements that need to be unified nationwide should be formulated as national standards
.
National standards shall be uniformly formulated and published
by the administrative department for standardization under the State Council.
According to the validity of the standard, the national standard is divided into two types
: mandatory and recommended.
Mandatory national standards are formulated by the government, mainly to ensure human health and life and property safety, national security, ecological environment safety, etc
.
Once a mandatory national standard is issued, it must be implemented
.
Recommended national standards are formulated by government organizations, mainly positioned in basic general, standards that are compatible with mandatory national standards, and standards that play a leading role in the development of the industry
.
Recommended national standards encourage all parties in society to adopt them
.
As of November 2022, there are 42,294 current national standards and 7,735 national standard plans
.

Industry standard
.
For technical requirements that do not have national standards and need to be unified within a certain industry in the country, industry standards
can be formulated.
Industry standards shall be formulated and released by various ministries and commissions under the State Council, and shall be filed with the standardization administrative department under the State Council after
release.
Industry standards are recommended
.
As of November 2022, there are 73 industry standards in China, and 99,769 industry standards have been recorded
.

Local standards
.
The formulation of local standards focuses on special technical requirements
related to local natural conditions, customs and habits.
Local standards shall be formulated and published by the administrative departments for standardization at the provincial level and districted city level, and shall be filed with the competent administrative department for standardization under the State Council after publication
.
Local standards are implemented only within their own administrative regions and are also recommended standards
.
As of November 2022, a total of 79,667 local standards have been filed in China
.

Group standards
.
Group standards are formulated and published
by society, association, chamber of commerce, federation, industrial technology alliance and other legally registered social groups.
Group standards
can be developed for technical requirements that meet market and innovation needs.
Group standards shall be adopted by the members of the Association, or voluntarily adopted
by all parties in society in accordance with the provisions of the Association.
As of November 2022, there are 46,565 group standards in China, and a total of 6,913 social groups have registered
on the national group standard information platform.

Enterprise standards
.
Enterprise standards are developed by enterprises themselves as needed, or jointly with
other enterprises.
The State encourages enterprises to formulate enterprise standards that are higher than the relevant technical requirements of recommended standards
.
Enterprise standards are used within the enterprise, but the standards involved in the products or services provided externally serve as the quality commitment
of the enterprise to the market and consumers.
As of the end of October 2022, enterprises have announced their 393804 through the enterprise standard information public service platform, declaring that they have disclosed 2538980 standard information, involving a total of 4223811 products
。

The main body and procedure for the formulation and revision of national standards

The main force for the formulation and revision of national standards is the National Professional Standardization Technical Committee, also known as "TC"
.
Some people figuratively compare the technical committee to the "production workshop"
of the national standard.
According to the regulations, technical committees are technical organizations that are approved and established by the State Standardization Administration Commission and engaged in nationwide standardization work in a certain professional field, and are mainly responsible for standardization work
such as drafting and technical review of state standards.
Specialized areas Technical committees with a wide range of technical committees may have sub-technical committees, also known as "SC"
.
As of the end of June 2019, there are 1,307 national professional standardization technical committees and sub-technical committees in China, covering all aspects of national economic and social development
.
The members of the technical committee come from representatives of the government, industry associations, enterprises, testing institutions, research institutes, colleges and universities, and consumers, and there are currently nearly 50,000 members, including 129 academicians
of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and the Chinese Academy of Sciences.

The process of formulating and revising national standards is divided into nine stages, including pre-research, project establishment, drafting, solicitation of opinions, review, release, publication, review, and repeal
.
China's national standard formulation and revision procedures are basically consistent
with ISO and IEC international standard formulation procedures.

International standardization

International and regional standards organizations

The three most influential international standards organizations in the world are the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) and the International Telecommunication Union (ITU).

ISO is the world's largest and most authoritative international standardization body, responsible for industry, agriculture, services and social management and other fields (except IEC, ITU) international standards, its member population accounts for 97% of the world's population, member economy accounts for 98% of the world's total, known as the "technical United Nations"
.

Founded in 1906 and with a history of more than 110 years, IEC is responsible for the development and publication of international standards and conformity assessment procedures
in the field of electrotechnical and electronics.

The ITU is the specialized agency of the United Nations responsible for information and communication technologies and the longest international organization among the United Nations agencies, founded in 1865 and has 193 member states
.

Up to now, the three major international standards organizations have issued more than 32,000 international standards, which have been widely adopted by countries around the world, playing an important basic and strategic role
in promoting global economic and trade exchanges, supporting industrial development, promoting scientific and technological progress, and standardizing social governance.
The development trend
of national standard standardization.

First, all countries in the world, especially developed countries, attach great importance to international standardization
.
Against the background of world multipolarization, economic globalization, and the continuation of the trend of low-speed economic growth, developed countries have formulated and implemented national standard strategies with control and competition for the commanding heights of international standards as the core, coordinated diplomatic, political, economic, and aid means to seize the commanding heights of international standards, maintain and enhance national competitiveness, and ensure their own economic interests and security
.

Second, international standards continue to expand
to the social field.
International standards have a trend
of expanding beyond traditional fields to the social field.
For example, ISO has successively formulated international standards in the fields of social responsibility, organizational governance, government effectiveness, sustainable urban development, anti-bribery, audit management and labor rights protection, which have a profound impact on the political, economic and social development
of various countries.
China attaches great importance to the trend of expanding international standards into the social field, with 22 ministries and commissions jointly participating in the formulation of social responsibility standards, the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection taking the lead in participating in the formulation of anti-bribery standards, and the National Audit Office taking the lead in formulating international standards for
audit management.

Third, international standards pay more attention to the development of
emerging industries.
With the advent of the fourth industrial revolution, the three major international standards organizations ISO, IEC and ITU all attach great importance to standardization in the fields related to the scientific and technological revolution and industrial transformation, and jointly determined the theme of World Standards Day 2018 as "International Standards and the Fourth Industrial Revolution"
.
ISO established the Intelligent Manufacturing Strategy Group, the IEC established the Intelligent Manufacturing Evaluation Group, and the ISO/IEC Intelligent Manufacturing Roadmap Task Force
was jointly established.
Germany has published the 3rd edition of the Industry 4.
0 Standardization Roadmap
.
The United States released version 2.
0 of the Additive Manufacturing Standardization Roadmap to accelerate the development
of standards for emerging industries.

China's participation in international standardization activities

First, the status of China's international standardization activities has been significantly improved
.
In recent years, China has successively become a permanent member of ISO and IEC and a permanent member of ISO Technology Administration, in 2014 China's expert Anshan Iron and Steel Group General Manager Mr.
Zhang Xiaogang was elected ISO Chairman, Huaneng Group Chairman Mr.
Shu Yinbiao was elected IEC Chairman in 2018, Chinese expert Mr.
Zhao Houlin is currently the Secretary-General of ITU, and the three major international standards organizations have successively Chinese hold the highest leadership positions
.

In terms of the leadership positions of technical bodies of the International Standards Organization, since 2002, the number of chairpersons of ISO/IEC technical bodies assumed by China has increased from 3 to 70; The number of secretariats
increased from 6 to 88.
In 2016, China successfully hosted the 39th ISO Conference
.
In 2019, China also hosted the 83rd IEC Conference
.

Second, the "circle of friends" of China's international standard activities has been continuously expanding
.
China has signed 85 cooperation agreements with 49 national and regional standardization agencies, covering major trading partners in Europe, America, Asia and Oceania; It has signed 11 cooperation documents
with 9 countries and regions.
Through the bilateral and multilateral cooperation mechanism established with the United States, Britain, France, Germany, Russia, Northeast Asia, the European Union and South Asia, international cooperation
in electric vehicles, intelligent manufacturing, smart cities, agri-food, railways, elderly economy, graphene and other professional fields has been promoted.
At the first Belt and Road Forum for International Cooperation, China and 12 countries along the Belt and Road, including Russia, Kazakhstan and Greece, jointly signed the "Joint Initiative on Strengthening Standards Cooperation and Building the "Belt and Road"
.

Third, China actively leads the formulation and revision
of international standards.
In the fields of metallurgy, nonferrous metals, shipbuilding, marine, light industry, textile, machinery and equipment, energy conservation and environmental protection, information technology, power electronics, energy, materials, biotechnology, social management and public services, he has led and participated in the formulation and revision of a series of international standards
.
Since 2002, the number of international standards proposed and led by China has increased from 18 to 583
.
In the past two years, China has submitted more than 200 international standard projects to ISO/IEC and established them, becoming one of the countries with the
largest number of international standard proposals for many consecutive years.

Fourth, the overseas application of China's standards continues to expand
.
China, together with the national standardization bodies of the United Kingdom and France, jointly issued a list of mutual recognition of Chinese-British and Sino-French standards, and achieved mutual recognition of more than 60 standards; In the field of food and energy, 39 Chinese standards have been adopted as national standards by Mongolia in the form of double numbering; 240 Chinese standards have been registered and approved for use in Turkmenistan; 14 Chinese standards were adopted by Tajikistan; China is promoting the completion of the exchange of 445 wide-body passenger aircraft standards (including 209 Russian standards and 236 Chinese standards) with Russia
.
Nine sessions of agricultural standardization publicity and training have been carried out for Cambodia, Laos, and other countries along the Maritime Silk Road, and nearly 100 Chinese standards have been popularized and used
in agricultural standardization demonstration zones in Southeast Asian countries.

China's standardization key work

Promote the implementation of standardization strategies

China's implementation of the standardization strategy is an important instruction and requirement of General Secretary Xi Jinping, an important direction of the Party Central Committee and the State Council for the national standardization work, and one of the three major strategies clearly required by the
State Administration for Market Regulation.
In order to systematically grasp the connotation and tasks of implementing the standardization strategy, the General Administration of Engineering (Standards Committee) entrusted the Chinese Academy of Engineering to carry out the research of "Chinese Standards 2035", and regarded the research of the "Chinese Standards 2035" project as a major measure
to implement the spirit of the General Secretary's important instructions and promote the implementation of the standardization strategy.

The "China Standard 2035" project research has been officially launched in March 2018, with dozens of academicians of the Chinese Academy of Engineering and more than 300 experts from well-known domestic universities and scientific research institutions participating in the project research
.

The "China Standards 2035" project sets up a comprehensive topic "research on standardization strategic positioning and goals", and three professional topics
: "research on China's standardization system, methods and evaluation", "research on standardization system to support high-quality development" and "research on standardized military-civilian integration development strategy".
The project plans to use two years to form a research report on the "Chinese Standard 2035" project, and put forward advice and suggestions
for the preparation and implementation of China's standardization strategy programmatic documents.

Deepen the reform of standardization work

According to the State Council's "Reform Plan for Deepening Standardization Work," the overall goal of standardization reform is to establish a new standard system in which the standards formulated under the leadership of the government and the standards independently formulated by the market develop in coordination and coordination, improve the standardization management system of unified coordination, efficient operation, and joint governance between the government and the market, form a standardization work pattern of government guidance, market driven, social participation, and coordinated promotion, effectively support the construction of a unified market system, and make standards a "hard constraint" on quality.
Promote China's economy to a mid-to-high-end level
.

Deepening reform is the driving force for the innovation and development of standardization work, and it needs to be continuously promoted
.
At present and for some time to come, we will mainly promote work
in five aspects.

The first is to further integrate and streamline mandatory standards, effectively improve the level of standards in the fields of people's livelihood and public safety, resolutely guard the bottom line of public safety, and let the people buy with confidence, use and eat with confidence
.

The second is to further improve the efficiency of national standard formulation and revision, and shorten the average standard formulation period from the current 36 months to less than
24 months.

The third is to strictly limit the scope of government-led standards, strengthen standard review and review, effectively reduce the number and scale of government standards, and leave sufficient development space
for the market to independently formulate standards.

The fourth is to adopt practical and effective measures to encourage market entities to focus on improving product quality, industrial quality and international competitiveness, cultivate and develop group standards, liberalize and invigorate enterprise standards, fully release the vitality of standardization innovation of enterprises and social organizations, and make standardization a powerful helper for market entities to improve their operations and seek development
.

Fifth, increase the guidance, coordination and supervision of local and industry standardization reform, implement the relevant provisions of the new Standardization Law, and strive to achieve early results in the comprehensive reform of
standardization.

Source: Dongsheng Rubber

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