How do gut bacteria talk to our brains?

healthy brain is inseparable from a healthy gut, in which gut bacteria play a vital role. Gut bacteria not only play an important role in the communication between the gut and the brain, but also in preventing and promoting physical and mental diseases. As the saying goes, "All the way to Rome", gut bacteria can also affect our brain function and behavior in a variety of ways.an effective way to affect the brain bygut bacteria and neurotransmitter intestinal bacteria is through neurotransmitter, a large number of which are produced by gut bacteria. When gut bacteria metabolize the food we eat, they may produce neurotransmitters as metabolic by-products.is a neurotransmitter? Neurotransmitter is the messenger of the brain that controls our nervous system by turning nerve cells on and off. Essentially, when a nerve cell wants to communicate with another nerve cell, the previous nerve cell releases the neurotransmitter and binds it to the subject of the 3d nerve cell.so far, about 50 neurotransmitters have been found, the most common of which are 5-serotonin, dopamine, epinephrine, epinephrine, acetylcholine and γ-aminobutyric acid. Neurotransmitter must be in moderation to make us feel good, and too much or too little can lead to varying degrees of mental health problems.Many of the things controlled by neurotransmitters are worth mentioning, including mood, awakening, sleep, libido, excitement, appetite, attention, reward, motivation, memory, and intestinal peristalsis. In other words, we and our brains are controlled by a bio-chemical "cocktail" of various neurotransmitters. In addition to their interactions, neurotransmitter interacts with other cells, hormones, and genes in a complex network that makes us feel as healthy as possible."language" of communication between gut bacteria and the brainour gut bacteria act like a pharmaceutical factory, working around the clock to convert indigestible food residues into neurotransmitters.90 percent of our happy molecules, serotonin, are produced in the gut and only 10 percent in the brain. In addition, 50% of the reward molecule dopamine is produced in the intestines, at the same level as the brain. The large number of neurotransmitter produced by gut bacteria is the "language" of communication between gut bacteria and the brain, and is also a basic way for gut bacteria to affect brain and mental health.5-serotonin, a neurotransmitter that regulates anxiety, sleep, awakening, pain, hunger and satiety, also controls intestinal coordination.: A neurotransmitter released in the brain when we experience rewards, which also controls fine movement.dethyrene: a neurotransmitter that activates the body's "fight or run" response, and it's also important for our alertness.5-Serotonin: The ultimate signal of the intestinal brain axis 5-Serotonin is considered the ultimate neurotransmitter of the intestinal brain axis. As you may be familiar with, 5-serotonin plays an important role in depression, also known as the happiness hormone, and many people may also know that the common antidepressant selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRIs) is an attempt to raise levels of 5-serotonin in the brain., however, it may not be clear that 5-serotonin also plays an important role in intestinal peristaltic, and that our food is pushed forward vigorously through intestinal muscle contraction. When acute food poisoning, 5-serotonin is released in large quantities. Increased concentrations of serotonin can cause nausea and accelerate intestinal peristaltic activity, which quickly removes toxic substances from the stomach. Here, 5-serotonin demonstrates its unique ability to change the direction of intestinal peristaltic, in other words, to cause vomiting. Vomiting is cleverly designed to produce a lot of saliva to protect our teeth from corrosive stomach acid before acidic food from the stomach comes out of our mouths. So too many of these happy molecules may make us feel worse, but it's all for our health., what's in the brain? Tryptophan is the raw material for the production of 5-serotonin, and when we ingest tryptophan through food, it is absorbed by the blood and transported to the brain, where it is converted into 5-serotonin, which affects our emotional and mental health. In addition, the huge store of 5-serotonin in the intestine is located near the ecstasy nerve that connects the intestinal and brain mood centers, allowing small doses of serotonin to reach the brain directly. Our nervous system also adjusts to the 5-serotonin that flows through the lost nerve to the brain, and in short, healthy gut bacteria can make us feel happier.5-serotonin's dual effects in the brain and intestines mean that low levels of 5-serotonin both reduce mood and reduce intestinal peristalticism, which is why depressed people often have constipation problems. Conversely, people with gastrointestinal problems, such as irritable bowel syndrome, are more likely to develop depression, which is also associated with changes in the intestinal 5-serotonin system. The two-way link between the intestine and the brain suggests that physical and mental health are closely linked. Therefore, diseases such as depression and irritable bowel syndrome can be classified as "intestinal brain diseases" and the interaction between the intestine and the brain must be taken into account during treatment.can I raise the level of 5-serotonin? 5-serotonin is involved in regulating anxiety, sleep, awakening, pain, and even satiety or hunger. 5 - Serotonin is synthesized from tryptophan and can only be consumed through food because the body itself cannot produce tryptophan. Tryptophan can be found in protein-rich foods and in certain nuts and seeds. At the same time, the synthesis of 5-serotonin also depends on the presence of healthy gut microbiomes, in order to maximize the body's 5-serotonin levels, you can eat some tryptophan-rich foods and appropriate supplements of beneficial microorganisms. another way that gut bacteria and metabolites affect the brain is through metabolites. Gut bacteria metabolize dietary fiber to produce a variety of metabolites, the most important of which are short-chain fatty acids. Short-chain fatty acids have been shown to have many positive effects on health. short-chain fatty acids are one of the most important gut bacterial metabolites because they affect nerve cells and work closely with our hormone system. Simply put, gut bacteria release short-chain fatty acids into the large intestine, which speed up the release of hormones by endocrine cells in the intestines. Then, together with these intestinal hormones, short-chain fatty acids are released into the bloodstream and then to the brain, affecting our mental state. In addition to dietary fiber, the presence of certain gut beneficial bacteria is also a good way to increase the production of short-chain fatty acids. : Star short-chain fatty acids The big star in short-chain fatty acids is undoubtedly butyric acid, which has been shown to have many positive effects, including anti-inflammatory properties. In addition, butyric acid can also reduce the growth of harmful bacteria and even cancer cells in the large intestine. It has also been found to be linked to aging-related diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease, which can increase memory in alzheimer's mice. acetic acid an important regulator of intestinal pH, which helps to maintain the stability of the intestinal environment. For example, it helps to maintain proper acidic pH in the gut so that our gut-beneficial microorganisms can survive and thrive, but prevent the invasion and stay of harmful bacteria and opportonic bacteria. Acetic acid also binds to certain subjects in the intestines to help control appetite and regulate fat storage. Musitive nerves: key connections to the intestinal and brain axis Neurotransmitters and metabolites produced by gut bacteria can reach the brain in a variety of ways, one through blood circulation and the other through the ecstratic nerve. The ecstic nerve connects the intestines to the brain, making changes in the intestines almost always accompanied by changes in the brain and vice versa. This is why mental illness is usually accompanied by digestive problems or gastrointestinal disorders are usually accompanied by psychological problems. the longest nerve, from the brain trunk to the intestines. We can think of it as a thick web cable, like the body's own super-broadband, which consists of 80,000 nerves that connect almost all of the body's devices to the brain. It spends 80 percent of its time collecting and compiling data on physical activity and 20 percent coordinating the body's unconscious activity. It regulates the autonomic nervous system part, the by-effects nervous system, that we activate at rest. It controls our heartbeat, digestion, intestinal peristaltic, sweating and regulating pupils, urination and sexual excitability. The ecstic nerve is sensitive to food, exercise and stress, so it's important to control our diet and lifestyle. immune the immune system also plays an important role in the conversation between the gut and brain, especially in mental health. When harmful bacteria come into contact with intestinal immune cells, the immune system immediately produces cytokines to protect itself. These cytokines increase the permeability of the intestinal barrier, leading to intestinal leakage, which also means that harmful cytokines are released into the bloodstream and inflamed the body. Cytokines then pass through the body's blood circulation to the blood-brain barrier, which causes inflammation of the brain. A growing body of research suggests that inflammation of the brain is the cause of some of the most common brain-related diseases, such as depression and Alzheimer's disease. intestinal leakage the close connection between the endointestinal cortical cells forms our intestinal barrier, which prevents harmful bacteria, toxins and other dangerous substances from entering the bloodstream. Factors such as stress and an unhealthy diet can make the intestinal barrier more fragile and permeable. If the permeability of the intestinal barrier increases, this opens the floodgates for pathogenic bacteria and harmful substances to enter the bloodstream, causing serious damage. When a intestinal leak occurs, harmful bacteria may come into direct contact with intestinal immune cells. Immune cells react defensively, releasing cytokines that go directly into our bloodstream, affecting our bodies and even our brains. That's why we should maintain the integrity of the intestinal barrier. We should also avoid chronic stress because they damage our intestinal mucosa, increase the number of harmful bacteria in the gut, and make them more aggressive, leading to further inflammation and intestinal leakage. brain leaks many chronic diseases, such as diabetes and cancer, are thought to be caused by inflammation. For the brain, substances that promote inflammation, such as cytokines, need to pass through our blood-brain barrier. The blood-brain barrier is made up of tightly formed walls of blood vessels that prevent harmful substances from leaving the bloodstream to reach nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord. As a result, the blood-brain barrier protects brain tissue and allows only certain substances to pass through, such as oxygen, glucose and amino acids. Because of brain damage, heart attacks, meningitis and even aging, certain substances pass through the blood-brain barrier faster. Increased penetration of the blood-brain barrier has also been found in people with dementia. In other words, the blood-brain barrier is a vital protection that must never leak. inflammatory substances, such as cytokines and lipid polysaccharies, in addition to damaging our intestinal barrier, can also damage our blood-brain barrier, allowing them to reach our brain tissue, causing inflammation of the brain. Inflammation of the brain or nerve inflammation is usually associated with common brain-related diseases such as depression, anxiety, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and so on. Five bacteria can repair intestinal and brain leaks When it comes to gut bacteria and the immune system, we're usually concerned about inflammation-promoting bacteria, but those that suppress inflammation are just as important, such as the familiar lactic acid bacteria, which have been shown to increase the concentration of anti-inflammatory cytokines in the blood and even repair intestinal and brain leaks caused by inflammatory substances, which can benefit our brain and mental health. other ways inflammatory substances can also reach and affect the brain in other ways. For example, cytokines can affect the exchange of information in the brain by altering the concentration of neurotransmitteres such as 5-serotonin, dopamine, and glutamine. Cytokines also stimulate the release of other inflammatory substances, such as prostetin, exacerbating pre-existing inflammation. Recently, researchers also found that cytokines directly affect the brain in another way, through the central lymphatic tubes in the lower part of the brain. There are many ways that substances that promote inflammation can reach the brain, and one thing is for sure, inflammatory substances do not belong to our brains. "5 2" 2 substances between the gut and the brain: Gut bacteria produce two main types of chemical messengers - neurotransmitters and metabolites, which affect our brain and mental health, such as the neurotransmitter 5-serotonin and the metabolite butyric acid, which are important beneficial substances produced by gut bacteria. two barriers: chemical messengers produced by gut bacteria must pass through two barriers to reach the brain, one is the intestinal blood barrier and the other is the blood-brain barrier. Leaks in the intestinal or blood-brain barrier can cause inflammation of the brain, which can lead to depression and other brain-related diseases. two main pathways: although there are many pathways between the intestine and the brain, there are two main pathways: the lost nerve and the blood circulation. Of course, the immune system and the hormone system are also involved. two factors: food and stress are two of the most decisive factors in the intestinal brain axis. Long-term stress coupled with an unhealthy diet can greatly affect the gut microbiome, leading to mental health problems and creating a vicious circle. 2 therapeutic substances: by providing certain types of dietary fiber (probiotics) to gut bacteria, they can stimulate the metabolism of gut bacteria to produce anti-inflammatory butyric acid; All in all, our gut bacteria and the brain are closely linked, and a silent conversation occurs all the time between our gut bacteria and the brain, communicating in many different ways and working together