In addition to beauty, royal jelly can also greatly relieve liver damage caused by anti-tumor drugs!

Hydroxyurea (HU) is an inhibitor of ribonucleotide reductase and is commonly used in the treatment of myeloproliferative disorders and sickle cell anemia
.

In addition, HUD is used as an antineoplastic drug to treat various malignancies such as melanoma; leukemia; ovarian cancer; head and neck cancer

However, reports on its gonadotoxic, cytotoxic, and genotoxic effects are more overproduction of reactive oxygen species to explain some reports describing the hepatotoxic effects of HDU, including hepatitis, liver dysfunction, and acute elevation of liver function markers; however, this The mechanism of this effect has not been thoroughly studied

Royal Jelly (RJ) is a thick, milky substance secreted by young emerging worker bees
.

Its composition consists of 60-70% water, 9-18% protein and 10-16% total sugars, along with a mixture of small amounts of free amino acids, vitamins, salts and lipids

Secreted by young emerging worker bees

This study aimed to investigate the hepatotoxic effects of HDU from the perspective of liver oxidative/antioxidant status, pro-inflammatory cytokines, apoptotic signaling pathways, and histopathology

1.

The number of animal deaths was recorded every week during the experiment, and the survival rate of the control group was 88.

2.
Serum hepatocyte enzymes

As shown in Figure 3, the levels of serum hepatocyte enzymes (AST, ALT and ALP) in the HDU group and the 2HDU group were significantly increased (p < 0.
001), which were higher than those in the control group
.

Furthermore, the serum hepatocyte enzyme levels in rats treated with a therapeutic dose of HDU were almost doubled compared to the control group

As shown in Figure 3, the levels of serum hepatocyte enzymes (AST, ALT and ALP) in the HDU group and the 2HDU group were significantly increased (p < 0.

3.

The effects of HDU and RJ on oxidative stress in the liver of rats in the control and treatment groups are shown in Figure 4

4.

Figure 5 Figure 3 RJ rats showed a significant difference (p<0.

5.
Apoptosis biomarker (Caspase-3)

Apoptosis Biomarker (Caspase-3)

As shown in Figure 6, the expression of caspase-3 protein in the control group and RJ rat was negative (no expression)
.
Weak to moderate or positive immunoreactivity of caspase-3 protein in hepatocytes of HDU-intoxicated rats
.
In addition, 2HDU-intoxicated rats exhibited moderate to strong brown caspase-3 expression
.
Oral administration of RJ showed weak expression of caspase-3 in HDU, and weak to moderate immunostaining of caspase-3 in 2HDU-intoxicated rats
.
The strong immunostaining of Caspase-3 in HDU and 2HDU-treated rat liver tissues was 12±0.
28% and 22.
4±0.
16%, respectively
.
Caspase-3 immunostaining by HDU was significantly decreased when RJ was administered (p < 0.
001)
.

As shown in Figure 6, the expression of caspase-3 protein in the control group and RJ rat was negative (no expression)
.
Weak to moderate or positive immunoreactivity of caspase-3 protein in hepatocytes of HDU-intoxicated rats
.
In addition, 2HDU-intoxicated rats exhibited moderate to strong brown caspase-3 expression
.
Oral administration of RJ showed weak expression of caspase-3 in HDU, and weak to moderate immunostaining of caspase-3 in 2HDU-intoxicated rats
.
The strong immunostaining of Caspase-3 in HDU and 2HDU-treated rat liver tissues was 12±0.
28% and 22.
4±0.
16%, respectively
.
Caspase-3 immunostaining by HDU was significantly decreased when RJ was administered (p < 0.
001)
.

6.
Pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α)

The expression of pro-inflammatory cytokine (TNF-α) in different groups is shown in Figure 7
.
The expression of TNF-α in the control group and RJ rats was negative
.
The hepatocyte immune response in HDU poisoned rats was weak to moderately positive
.
2HDU-intoxicated rats showed moderate to strong brown expression
.
The expression of TNF-α in HDU after oral administration of RJ was weak, and the immunostaining of 2HDU-poisoned rats was weak to moderately positive
.
The area % of TNF-α immunostaining in HDU and 2hdu-treated rat liver tissues were 8.
7±0.
79% and 14.
4±0.
38%, respectively
.
Likewise, TNF-α immunostaining was significantly decreased with RJ administration (p < 0.
001), and single- and double-dose HDU decreased by 55.
8% and 56.
6%, respectively
.

The expression of pro-inflammatory cytokine (TNF-α) in different groups is shown in Figure 7
.
The expression of TNF-α in the control group and RJ rats was negative
.
The hepatocyte immune response in HDU poisoned rats was weak to moderately positive
.
2HDU-intoxicated rats showed moderate to strong brown expression
.
The expression of TNF-α in HDU after oral administration of RJ was weak, and the immunostaining of 2HDU-poisoned rats was weak to moderately positive
.
The area % of TNF-α immunostaining in HDU and 2hdu-treated rat liver tissues were 8.
7±0.
79% and 14.
4±0.
38%, respectively
.
Likewise, TNF-α immunostaining was significantly decreased with RJ administration (p < 0.
001), and single- and double-dose HDU decreased by 55.
8% and 56.
6%, respectively
.

7.
Liver Histopathology

As shown in Figure 8
.
Rats treated with therapeutic doses of HDU developed mild to moderate liver damage compared to controls
.
Lesions documented were congestion, moderate to severe hepatocyte hydrolysis, multifocal hepatic necrosis, and inflammatory cell infiltration with biliary cell degeneration
.
Meanwhile, rats in the double-dose HDU-treated group developed moderate to severe liver damage compared with the control group
.
Liver lesions were diffuse, with mild to severe cellular vacuolation, water degeneration and fatty degeneration
.
Meanwhile, 2HDU-treated rats developed multifocal coagulative hepatocyte necrosis, accompanied by inflammatory cell infiltration and multifocal hepatocyte apoptosis
.
Oral administration of royal jelly shortly after HDU and 2HDU attenuated HDU-induced liver damage
.

As shown in Figure 8
.
Rats treated with therapeutic doses of HDU developed mild to moderate liver damage compared to controls
.
Lesions documented were congestion, moderate to severe hepatocyte hydrolysis, multifocal hepatic necrosis, and inflammatory cell infiltration with biliary cell degeneration
.
Meanwhile, rats in the double-dose HDU-treated group developed moderate to severe liver damage compared with the control group
.
Liver lesions were diffuse, with mild to severe cellular vacuolation, water degeneration and fatty degeneration
.
Meanwhile, 2HDU-treated rats developed multifocal coagulative hepatocyte necrosis, accompanied by inflammatory cell infiltration and multifocal hepatocyte apoptosis
.
Oral administration of royal jelly shortly after HDU and 2HDU attenuated HDU-induced liver damage
.

The current data provide additional information on the hepatotoxicity of the antineoplastic drug hydroxyurea, especially at high doses of hydroxyurea
.
In addition, royal jelly may exert protective effects against HDU-induced liver injury through its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic properties
.
Therefore, royal jelly can be used as an adjunct therapy to prevent liver damage caused by hydroxyurea
.

The current data provide additional information on the hepatotoxicity of the antineoplastic drug hydroxyurea, especially at high doses of hydroxyurea
.
In addition, royal jelly may exert protective effects against HDU-induced liver injury through its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic properties
.
Therefore, royal jelly can be used as an adjunct therapy to prevent liver damage caused by hydroxyurea
.
The current data provide additional information on the hepatotoxicity of the antineoplastic drug hydroxyurea, especially at high doses of hydroxyurea
.
In addition, royal jelly may exert protective effects against HDU-induced liver injury through its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic properties
.
Therefore, royal jelly can be used as an adjunct therapy to prevent liver damage caused by hydroxyurea
.
The current data provide additional information on the hepatotoxicity of the antineoplastic drug hydroxyurea, especially at high doses of hydroxyurea
.
In addition, royal jelly may exert protective effects against HDU-induced liver injury through its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic properties
.
Therefore, royal jelly can be used as an adjunct therapy to prevent liver damage caused by hydroxyurea
.

 

Original source:

Tohamy HG, El-Neweshy MS, Soliman MM, et al.
Protective potential of royal jelly against hydroxyurea -induced hepatic injury in rats via antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptosis properties.
  PLoS One .
2022;17(3): e0265261.
Published 2022 Mar 18.
doi:10.
1371/journal.
pone.
0265261

Tohamy HG, El-Neweshy MS, Soliman MM, et al.
Protective potential of royal jelly against hydroxyurea -induced hepatic injury in rats via antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptosis properties.
  PLoS One .
2022;17(3): e0265261.
Published 2022 Mar 18.
doi:10.
1371/journal.
pone.
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