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Hanxiang sweet cherries were introduced from Russia by the Fruit Tree Bureau of Wafangdian City, Liaoning Province in 2001.
The original code name was "Russia No.
8", and it was named Hanxiang in 2006
.
The variety has a good performance in cultivation in Liaoning Province and has a broad development prospect
.
The author introduced 100 scions from Dalian in November 2013, 880 seedlings were grafted and bred in 2014, and 500 high-quality seedlings with fragrant fragrance were selected in the spring of 2015 to match with Meizao, Samit, Yanyang, Labins and other varieties.
A 1.
2hm2 experimental park was established in Tianshui City, Gansu Province , and the variety observation test was started
.
Some trees bloomed in 2018, but no fruit was seen due to low-temperature freezing damage in early spring.
In 2019, the trees entered the fruiting period one after another.
After three consecutive years of observation, this variety showed good yield, large fruit size, and high yield in Tianshui, Gansu Province.
It has the advantages of good quality, high commodity rate and good stress resistance
.
The original code name was "Russia No.
8", and it was named Hanxiang in 2006
.
The variety has a good performance in cultivation in Liaoning Province and has a broad development prospect
.
The author introduced 100 scions from Dalian in November 2013, 880 seedlings were grafted and bred in 2014, and 500 high-quality seedlings with fragrant fragrance were selected in the spring of 2015 to match with Meizao, Samit, Yanyang, Labins and other varieties.
A 1.
2hm2 experimental park was established in Tianshui City, Gansu Province , and the variety observation test was started
.
Some trees bloomed in 2018, but no fruit was seen due to low-temperature freezing damage in early spring.
In 2019, the trees entered the fruiting period one after another.
After three consecutive years of observation, this variety showed good yield, large fruit size, and high yield in Tianshui, Gansu Province.
It has the advantages of good quality, high commodity rate and good stress resistance
.
The basic situation of the test park
The experimental park is located in the Xinsheng Fruit Industry Professional Cooperative Base (Xishanping Village, Zaojiao Town), Qinzhou District, Xiujinshan Modern Agricultural Park, Qinzhou District, Tianshui City.
.
The plot is a terraced field on the north slope, with a northwest-southeast orientation, sufficient sunlight, a yellow loam soil, a deep soil layer, a pH value of 7.
9, and an organic matter content of 1.
18%.
Natural grass grows, and the orchard is equipped with drip irrigation and integrated water and fertilizer facilities
.
The rootstocks of all varieties are couter, the row direction is distributed along the terraced field, the row spacing is 4m×3m, 825 plants/hm2, and the tree shape is free spindle shape
.
.
The plot is a terraced field on the north slope, with a northwest-southeast orientation, sufficient sunlight, a yellow loam soil, a deep soil layer, a pH value of 7.
9, and an organic matter content of 1.
18%.
Natural grass grows, and the orchard is equipped with drip irrigation and integrated water and fertilizer facilities
.
The rootstocks of all varieties are couter, the row direction is distributed along the terraced field, the row spacing is 4m×3m, 825 plants/hm2, and the tree shape is free spindle shape
.
Introduction performance
botanical features
1-year-old branches gray-brown, perennial branches dark brown, lenticels oblong
.
The leaf blade is long oval, 18.
9cm long, 12.
1cm wide, the tip of the leaf is acuminate, the base of the leaf is wedge-shaped, the leaf margin is thick and serrated, the tooth fissure is deep, the leaf blade is large, and the leaf edge is deeply serrated.
2~3, dark red, kidney-shaped or round
.
Petiole reddish brown, 1.
7~2.
2cm long
.
The leaf buds are long conical, and the flower buds are obtuse-conical with few hairs
.
The petals are milky white and oval, the petiole is 2.
42cm long, the corolla diameter is 4.
26cm, and the average number of stamens per flower is 25 to 35
.
.
The leaf blade is long oval, 18.
9cm long, 12.
1cm wide, the tip of the leaf is acuminate, the base of the leaf is wedge-shaped, the leaf margin is thick and serrated, the tooth fissure is deep, the leaf blade is large, and the leaf edge is deeply serrated.
2~3, dark red, kidney-shaped or round
.
Petiole reddish brown, 1.
7~2.
2cm long
.
The leaf buds are long conical, and the flower buds are obtuse-conical with few hairs
.
The petals are milky white and oval, the petiole is 2.
42cm long, the corolla diameter is 4.
26cm, and the average number of stamens per flower is 25 to 35
.
phenological period
In Tianshui area, the buds of sweet-sweet cherries began to swell on March 24, the calyx was exposed on March 29, the flowers began to bloom on April 7, and they bloomed on April 12.
The flowering period was 7 to 10 days
.
The hard-core period of the fruit is around May 10, the fruit begins to color on May 26, and the fruit matures on June 8.
The fruit development period is about 52 days, and it matures 3 to 5 days earlier than the United States
.
The leaves start to fall in mid-November, and the growth period is 220-230 days (Table 1)
.
The flowering period was 7 to 10 days
.
The hard-core period of the fruit is around May 10, the fruit begins to color on May 26, and the fruit matures on June 8.
The fruit development period is about 52 days, and it matures 3 to 5 days earlier than the United States
.
The leaves start to fall in mid-November, and the growth period is 220-230 days (Table 1)
.
growth habit
Young trees grow vigorously, with high germination rate and strong branching power.
The middle and upper leaf buds of 1-year-old branches can shoot out new shoots, and the crown can be formed quickly
.
The large branching angle, polyclinic or drooping growth of new shoots is another obvious feature of this variety
.
The canopy of the mature tree is medium and large, the average tree height of the 7-year-old tree is 3.
3m, the stem circumference is 52.
4cm, and the tree posture is open (Table 2)
.
The middle and upper leaf buds of 1-year-old branches can shoot out new shoots, and the crown can be formed quickly
.
The large branching angle, polyclinic or drooping growth of new shoots is another obvious feature of this variety
.
The canopy of the mature tree is medium and large, the average tree height of the 7-year-old tree is 3.
3m, the stem circumference is 52.
4cm, and the tree posture is open (Table 2)
.
In the early fruiting stage, the fruit of single axillary flower buds is the main fruit, and in the full fruit stage, the fruit of short fruiting branches and bouquet-like fruiting branches is the main fruit
.
The flower buds are large and plump, with 1 to 5 flowers per inflorescence, and the fruit setting rate is as high as 63.
2%
.
The average yield per mu of 7-year-old trees is 563.
8kg, which is highly productive (Table 3)
.
.
The flower buds are large and plump, with 1 to 5 flowers per inflorescence, and the fruit setting rate is as high as 63.
2%
.
The average yield per mu of 7-year-old trees is 563.
8kg, which is highly productive (Table 3)
.
fruit economic traits
The fruit is wide and heart-shaped, with deep stem depression, wider shoulders, and a small gray-white spot in the center of the top depression
.
The dorsal side of the fruit is round, and there is a small protrusion on the ventral side near the stalk depression.
The suture line is wider, black and purple, and obvious
.
The fruit shape is oblong before the hard core, and the top of the fruit is long; after coloring, the lateral expansion is faster, becoming a wide heart shape, and the fruit expands very quickly at the red to purple stage
.
When ripe, it is purple-red to purple-black, and the fruit surface is bright; the pulp is purple-red, juicy, hard in texture, tough in skin, moderately sweet and sour in taste, light aroma, and medium in quality
.
The test results of fruit quality in consecutive years show that the average fruit weight, soluble solid content, fruit firmness and edible rate are better than those of Meizao (Table 4)
.
.
The dorsal side of the fruit is round, and there is a small protrusion on the ventral side near the stalk depression.
The suture line is wider, black and purple, and obvious
.
The fruit shape is oblong before the hard core, and the top of the fruit is long; after coloring, the lateral expansion is faster, becoming a wide heart shape, and the fruit expands very quickly at the red to purple stage
.
When ripe, it is purple-red to purple-black, and the fruit surface is bright; the pulp is purple-red, juicy, hard in texture, tough in skin, moderately sweet and sour in taste, light aroma, and medium in quality
.
The test results of fruit quality in consecutive years show that the average fruit weight, soluble solid content, fruit firmness and edible rate are better than those of Meizao (Table 4)
.
Adaptability and Stress Resistance
The fragrant tree is robust, the tree posture is open, the fruit is early, the yield is strong, and the adaptability is strong
.
Judging from the breeding situation of seedlings in the past two years, it has good compatibility with rootstocks such as Chinese cherry and ZY-1, and has a "small foot" phenomenon when grafted with Gisela No.
6
.
.
Judging from the breeding situation of seedlings in the past two years, it has good compatibility with rootstocks such as Chinese cherry and ZY-1, and has a "small foot" phenomenon when grafted with Gisela No.
6
.
In the early morning of April 13, 2020, the Tianshui area encountered low temperature weather.
The low temperature of -2°C lasted for about 4 hours in the mountainous area above 1500m above sea level, and the sweet cherries in the flowering period suffered freezing damage
.
In order to reduce the damage to flowers and young fruits caused by low temperature, on April 14, all varieties in the experimental garden were sprayed with nutrients such as brassinolide and potassium dihydrogen phosphate
.
On April 15th, the author investigated the freezing conditions of different varieties of flower vessels and young fruits in the experimental garden, and the results showed that the fragrance containing fragrance was less exposed to freezing
.
The low temperature of -2°C lasted for about 4 hours in the mountainous area above 1500m above sea level, and the sweet cherries in the flowering period suffered freezing damage
.
In order to reduce the damage to flowers and young fruits caused by low temperature, on April 14, all varieties in the experimental garden were sprayed with nutrients such as brassinolide and potassium dihydrogen phosphate
.
On April 15th, the author investigated the freezing conditions of different varieties of flower vessels and young fruits in the experimental garden, and the results showed that the fragrance containing fragrance was less exposed to freezing
.
From April 3 to 25, 2021, it was the flowering period of sweet cherries, and the Tianshui area experienced continuous rainfall for 22 days, which had a great impact on the pollination and fruit setting of sweet cherries
.
However, from the perspective of fruit setting rate and yield in the later period, the fruit setting rate of sweet cherries is over 38.
4%, while the fruit setting rate of self-pollinated Labins is only 21.
5%.
, Labins, Yanyang, etc.
, and the fruit cracking rate is close to that of Sammit (Table 5)
.
.
However, from the perspective of fruit setting rate and yield in the later period, the fruit setting rate of sweet cherries is over 38.
4%, while the fruit setting rate of self-pollinated Labins is only 21.
5%.
, Labins, Yanyang, etc.
, and the fruit cracking rate is close to that of Sammit (Table 5)
.
Key Cultivation Techniques
build a garden
The plots with good ventilation and drainage should be chosen to build the garden, and the mountain orchards should be built with terraces or water platforms
.
The growth vigor with fragrant is moderate and weak.
It is advisable to choose Chinese cherry, Daqingye and other arborized rootstocks to build orchards to avoid premature tree senescence after fruiting
.
Planting row spacing of 5m × 3m is appropriate
.
The fragrant pollinating varieties can choose Samit, Labins and so on
.
.
The growth vigor with fragrant is moderate and weak.
It is advisable to choose Chinese cherry, Daqingye and other arborized rootstocks to build orchards to avoid premature tree senescence after fruiting
.
Planting row spacing of 5m × 3m is appropriate
.
The fragrant pollinating varieties can choose Samit, Labins and so on
.
Fertilizer and water management
The aroma-containing fruit setting rate is high, and it is easy to produce high yields.
It is necessary to ensure that the supply of fertilizer and water is sufficient and timely, otherwise it will easily lead to smaller fruit size and premature tree senescence
.
While keeping an appropriate amount of fruit and carrying a reasonable load, it is necessary to strengthen the management of fertilizer and water
.
The fragrant branches and leaves grow fast, the leaves are large and thin, and the fruit expands rapidly after the hard core, which requires higher fertilizer and water.
If there is a lack of fertilizer and water, it will cause the leaves to wilt and droop, the fruit set rate decreases, and the physiological fruit drop is heavier
.
Therefore, from germination to fruit maturity, it is necessary to ensure the timely supply of fertilizer and water
.
Before germination in spring, 1.
0-1.
5kg of high-nitrogen compound fertilizer can be applied to the soil; during the fruit expansion period, fast-acting water-soluble fertilizer can be applied 2-3 times, and high-nitrogen, medium-phosphorus and medium-potassium fertilizers are suitable for the first time.
It is advisable to apply low nitrogen, medium phosphorus and high potassium, and at the same time spray potassium and calcium fertilizers 2 to 3 times on the foliar surface to promote the growth of fruits, branches and leaves, and improve fruit quality; topdressing balanced ternary compound fertilizer and medium Trace element fertilizer can improve the quality of flower bud differentiation; in the middle and late September, apply 2000~3000kg of high-quality organic fertilizer and biological bacterial fertilizer per mu, and apply 60~80kg of balanced compound fertilizer, which can improve the soil aggregate structure and promote the absorption of mineral nutrients.
Increase the tree's storage of nutrients
.
It is necessary to ensure that the supply of fertilizer and water is sufficient and timely, otherwise it will easily lead to smaller fruit size and premature tree senescence
.
While keeping an appropriate amount of fruit and carrying a reasonable load, it is necessary to strengthen the management of fertilizer and water
.
The fragrant branches and leaves grow fast, the leaves are large and thin, and the fruit expands rapidly after the hard core, which requires higher fertilizer and water.
If there is a lack of fertilizer and water, it will cause the leaves to wilt and droop, the fruit set rate decreases, and the physiological fruit drop is heavier
.
Therefore, from germination to fruit maturity, it is necessary to ensure the timely supply of fertilizer and water
.
Before germination in spring, 1.
0-1.
5kg of high-nitrogen compound fertilizer can be applied to the soil; during the fruit expansion period, fast-acting water-soluble fertilizer can be applied 2-3 times, and high-nitrogen, medium-phosphorus and medium-potassium fertilizers are suitable for the first time.
It is advisable to apply low nitrogen, medium phosphorus and high potassium, and at the same time spray potassium and calcium fertilizers 2 to 3 times on the foliar surface to promote the growth of fruits, branches and leaves, and improve fruit quality; topdressing balanced ternary compound fertilizer and medium Trace element fertilizer can improve the quality of flower bud differentiation; in the middle and late September, apply 2000~3000kg of high-quality organic fertilizer and biological bacterial fertilizer per mu, and apply 60~80kg of balanced compound fertilizer, which can improve the soil aggregate structure and promote the absorption of mineral nutrients.
Increase the tree's storage of nutrients
.
Irrigation depends on the water demand, rainfall and soil characteristics for tree growth and development
.
Pre-harvest fruit cracking also occurs in prosperous trees in the early fruiting period with fragrance.
Therefore, during the fruit expansion period, it is necessary to maintain a relatively stable soil water content to avoid pre-harvest cracking caused by sudden dryness and wetness
.
.
Pre-harvest fruit cracking also occurs in prosperous trees in the early fruiting period with fragrance.
Therefore, during the fruit expansion period, it is necessary to maintain a relatively stable soil water content to avoid pre-harvest cracking caused by sudden dryness and wetness
.
plastic trim
The fragrant stemness and apical advantage are weak, the germination rate is high, the branching force is strong, the angle of the new shoots opens or droops naturally, and it is easy to form flowers
.
Therefore, attention should be paid when pruning: First, when choosing a free spindle shape or a small crown sparse layer shape, the branch-to-trunk ratio should be about 1:3 when retaining the main branch to ensure the growth advantage of the main trunk; The main branch that grows sagging should adjust the base angle in time to make the base angle less than 90°, and at the same time properly thin out the strong branches in the upper part of the crown, otherwise it is easy to form the phenomenon that the upper part is strong and the lower part is weak; The combination of slow release and retraction is used to retract and update the uniaxially extended branch group that has slowed down the fruit in time, so as to keep the fruit branch group relatively young and avoid the senescence of the fruit branch group; Large, high fruit setting rate, properly cut off part of the fruiting branches during pruning, reasonably determine the load, and improve the high-quality fruit rate
.
At the same time, the dense branches in the upper part and periphery of the canopy should be properly thinned to improve the ventilation and light transmission conditions of the canopy, so as to ensure three-dimensional results and high quality and high yield
.
.
Therefore, attention should be paid when pruning: First, when choosing a free spindle shape or a small crown sparse layer shape, the branch-to-trunk ratio should be about 1:3 when retaining the main branch to ensure the growth advantage of the main trunk; The main branch that grows sagging should adjust the base angle in time to make the base angle less than 90°, and at the same time properly thin out the strong branches in the upper part of the crown, otherwise it is easy to form the phenomenon that the upper part is strong and the lower part is weak; The combination of slow release and retraction is used to retract and update the uniaxially extended branch group that has slowed down the fruit in time, so as to keep the fruit branch group relatively young and avoid the senescence of the fruit branch group; Large, high fruit setting rate, properly cut off part of the fruiting branches during pruning, reasonably determine the load, and improve the high-quality fruit rate
.
At the same time, the dense branches in the upper part and periphery of the canopy should be properly thinned to improve the ventilation and light transmission conditions of the canopy, so as to ensure three-dimensional results and high quality and high yield
.
Pest Control
The main diseases and insect pests are early leaf leaf disease, mulberry scale, fruit fly and so on
.
The early leaves of cherries are mainly caused by brown spot disease.
After several years of observation, it has been shown that the resistance of Hanxiang to brown spot disease is stronger than that of Samituo and Hongdeng varieties, and the incidence is lighter under the same management level
.
Remove dead branches and fallen leaves from the orchard every autumn and winter to reduce the number of pathogens in the orchard.
Reasonable pruning and keeping the canopy ventilated and light can reduce the occurrence of the disease
.
From mid-June, spray tebuconazole, pyraclostrobin, myclobutanil and other fungicides once every 20 days, and spray 2 to 3 times in a row.
The drugs are used alternately, and the control effect is good
.
Prevention and control of mulberry scale: use a stiff brush to remove the insects on the branches before germination, spray the whole tree with 5 Baume Lithium Sulfur mixture or 5% diesel emulsion once, and damage Liping 1000 times liquid when spraying; 5 In the first and middle months of the month, spray spirotetramat 1 or 2 times on the canopy
.
Prevention and control of fruit flies: clean up cracked fruit, diseased and defective fruit and defective fruit in time after fruit harvesting, and carry out shallow ploughing of the whole garden before winter, so as to deteriorate the overwintering place of fruit flies and reduce the base number of overwintering; drug control: starting from about May 20, Remove the weeds under the trees and the ridges in the orchard, spray chlorpyrifos and beta-cyhalothrin on the ground and ridges of the orchard every 7d 1~2 times, and spray the trees every 4~5d according to the maturity period of different varieties of fruits High-efficiency and low-residue pesticides such as matrine and spinosad can effectively control the damage of fruit flies
.
.
The early leaves of cherries are mainly caused by brown spot disease.
After several years of observation, it has been shown that the resistance of Hanxiang to brown spot disease is stronger than that of Samituo and Hongdeng varieties, and the incidence is lighter under the same management level
.
Remove dead branches and fallen leaves from the orchard every autumn and winter to reduce the number of pathogens in the orchard.
Reasonable pruning and keeping the canopy ventilated and light can reduce the occurrence of the disease
.
From mid-June, spray tebuconazole, pyraclostrobin, myclobutanil and other fungicides once every 20 days, and spray 2 to 3 times in a row.
The drugs are used alternately, and the control effect is good
.
Prevention and control of mulberry scale: use a stiff brush to remove the insects on the branches before germination, spray the whole tree with 5 Baume Lithium Sulfur mixture or 5% diesel emulsion once, and damage Liping 1000 times liquid when spraying; 5 In the first and middle months of the month, spray spirotetramat 1 or 2 times on the canopy
.
Prevention and control of fruit flies: clean up cracked fruit, diseased and defective fruit and defective fruit in time after fruit harvesting, and carry out shallow ploughing of the whole garden before winter, so as to deteriorate the overwintering place of fruit flies and reduce the base number of overwintering; drug control: starting from about May 20, Remove the weeds under the trees and the ridges in the orchard, spray chlorpyrifos and beta-cyhalothrin on the ground and ridges of the orchard every 7d 1~2 times, and spray the trees every 4~5d according to the maturity period of different varieties of fruits High-efficiency and low-residue pesticides such as matrine and spinosad can effectively control the damage of fruit flies
.
Statement: This article is excerpted from "China Fruit Tree", Issue 3, 2022, "Introduction performance and cultivation techniques of sweet cherry in Tianshui, Gansu" (Yang Huanyu, Yang Yinghong, Zhang Lijun, Liu Jin, Wang Xiaolong, He Yulong, Zhao Shejiao)
.
.
