Meet the 0 sugar 0 fat 0 card of sugar substitute, really healthy?

The health costs of sugar
are found in China Newsweek, 2020.8.17
American writer David Courtlett writes in Five Hundred Years of Addiction that sugar is not only a flavoring, but also a placebo that stimulates the brain to release dopamine, making people feel good.
sugar is so important in human food that its substitute "sugar substitute" has become a new favorite. The new crown outbreak has left many industries reeling, but the performance of sugar-related industries has been fairly robust. Domestic sugar supplier Bowling Bao has seen seven consecutive gains and suspensions in the A-share market since July 10 this year, with a market value of up to 2,967 million yuan. The latest net red sugar drink "Yuan gas forest" public financial results show that sales in the first half of 2020 exceeded 800 million yuan, sales in May alone exceeded the 2018 total.
the biggest selling point of many sugary drinks is "0 sugar 0 fat 0 card", however, in the pursuit of taste and keep the body balance, sugar is really the perfect fulcum?
from sugar to sugar substitutes
with the progress of human technology, the acquisition of sugar is becoming easier and easier. In the 1950s, fermentation began to produce high fructose corn syrup, a concentrate of glucose and fructose that some have criticized as "more harmful than any other sugar". From 1970 to 1990, consumption of high fructose corn syrup in the United States increased tenfold, more than any other food product, which is one of the reasons for the growing number of obese people in the United States. When the body consumes more sugar than is needed for daily consumption, it is converted into fat storage.
current obesity rates among U.S. adults may have been caused by sugar intake in childhood decades ago, according to a new study published in 2019. Today, 38 million children under the age of 5 are overweight or obese worldwide.
of sugar is the increased risk of tooth decay. According to a WHO study, individual producers added fruit, etc. to their products to increase sugar in baby foods that were tested in some countries between 2016 and 2017. If you eat these foods often, it will cause a variety of health damage to the baby, such as tooth decay, obesity and so on. In July this year, the WHO officially issued a "sugar limit order", children under 3 years of age food ban added sugar.
Previously, WHO published guidelines on sugar intake for adults and children in 2015, recommending that free sugar intake below 10 per cent of total daily energy intake, roughly 50 grams of caster sugar, and recommending that it be further limited to less than 5 per cent - less than the sugar content of a can of 330ml coke. WHO's "free sugars" include monosaccharides such as glucose, fructose, semi-lactose, double sugars such as sucrose, and all the sugars that are naturally found in honey, syrups, fruit juices and fruit juice concentrates.
want to eat sugar and avoid falling into the calorie trap, people need a sweet, almost energy-free alternative to sugar, which is substitute for sugar. In 1974, U.S. President Ford tripled tariffs on imported sugar, prompting manufacturers to speed up the search for sugar substitutes that cost less than sugar. In order to cater to the health of the rise of the time, and against rival Pepsi, Coca-Cola in 1982 launched Diet Coke, soft drink advertising also changed from "sugar" to "sugar-free."
although the domestic market share of sugar drinks is still relatively small, but the market growth rate in the last three years is very high, the head of well-known brands may grow by more than 50% per year." Zhu Lujia, Secretary General of the Professional Committee of The Chinese Food Additives and Ingredients Association and member of the Second National Standards Review Committee on Food Safety, said.
Seed Sugar Kingdom
Recently the market burst red of a sugar substitute beverage, the use of a new member of the sugar family - erythropoietiol: sweetness of about 60% to 70% of sucrose, good taste, do not participate in human sugar metabolism, no other glycol substitute sugar may cause diarrhea and other side effects, but also has anti-caries function.
it was not too late to discover erythritol, which was discovered by the British chemist John Steinhaus as early as 1848. Ergosol is produced by microbial fermentation and can be found in fermented foods such as fruit wine and beer. For a long time, the key factor to limit the widespread use of erythrol in the food industry is that the production cost is too high.
"domestic industrial production of erythrol is also a matter of nearly a decade, not more than 15 years, mainly limited by technology, foreign development in this regard earlier." Zhu Luma told China Newsweek that erythropoietil comes from biofermentation and needs to have a suitable yeast for growth, the invention of this new yeast is a prerequisite for industrial production;
sugar, known as sweeteners in industrial production. The first sweetener to appear was saccharin, which was discovered by accident. On February 27, 1879, Konstantin Fahberg, an assistant in Russian chemistry research, was doing research on sugar purity in the chemistry lab at Johns Hopkins University in the United States, and as night fell, Constantine, who hurried home for dinner with his wife, forgot to wash his hands and accidentally tasted the sweetness of his fingertips during his meal, which was 300 to 500 times sweeter than sucrose.
1970s, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) was asked to label saccharin-containing food packaging as potentially causing cancer after several studies showed an increased risk of bladder cancer after mice were fed large amounts of saccharin. In more than two decades of research that followed, it was found that saccharides did not cause cancer, and by 2000, then-President Bill Clinton had signed a decree removing warnings about saccharide foods.
after years of controversy and research, the FDA approved Asparta as a "universal sweetener" in 1996 and even described as "one of the most thoroughly researched food additives" and called its safety "unquestionable."
Coca-Cola's Diet Coke chose the artificial sweetener Aspartame, which went on sale in 2005, adding another sweetener, Ansemi, to aspartame, and saccharin and sucrose to the zero-degree cola sold in individual countries or regions. A variety of sweeteners are chosen in the hope of "offsetting the aftertaste of each artificial sweetener through synergy". Zhu Lujia is currently teaching at Hebei University's School of Quality and Technical Supervision, and his students have told him that coke and zero-degree taste are easy to distinguish, and that artificial sweeteners that replace natural sucrose have a metallic aftertaste.
updated its requirements for aspartame in the latest National Standard Food Additive Use Standards for Food Safety (GB 2760-2014) to be labeled "Aspartame (containing phenylalanine)." This is because, taking into account the safety of patients with the genetic disease phenylketonuria, aspartame can be broken down into phenylalanine, thyroidine and methanol under the action of the human gastrointestinal enzyme, while patients with phenylketonuria are innately lacking an enzyme that can lead to amphetamine metabolic disorders.
Before the popularity of erythme alcohol, the glycol industry in China has been developed for more than 50 years, its taste is closest to natural, with sucrose sweetness ratio reached 1:1, commonly used in toothpaste, chewing gum. However, glycol has an obvious disadvantage: it absorbs less than 20% in the human intestine, easy to cause intestinal wall accumulation, resulting in bloating, diarrhea and other problems. People with different levels of glycol tolerance have different bloating reactions, so glycol is rarely used in beverages.
according to the sweetness, sweeteners can be divided into low-fold sweeteners and high-fold sweeteners. The so-called sweetness, is a relative value, usually based on sucrose sweetness. Low-fold sweeteners are mainly a variety of sugar alcohols, sweetness and sucrose close, are semi-natural products. Glycol takes longer to produce than erythyl glycol, so it costs more.
high-level sweeteners are divided into synthetic and natural extraction of two categories, sweetness is usually sucrose hundreds, or even thousands of times, as long as a small amount can be used to modulation of sweet, greatly reducing production costs. Saccharin is a typical high-fold sweetener, as well as a variety of sweeteners from the name do not see the meaning, are basically synthetic sugar substitutes, but also high-fold sweeteners, such as aspartame, sucralose, ali sweet, sweetness is sucrose 200, 600 and 2000 times more. Natural substitute sugar stevia sugar sweetness is also more than 200, Rohan fructose sweetness is low, is 3 to 5 times sucrose.
In high-fold sweeteners, sucralose is the only substitute sugar based on sucrose, although the sweetness is about 600 times higher than sucrose, but the taste is the best, there is no artificial sweetener common metal aftertaste. In 2015, PepsiCo announced the use of sucralose instead of aspartame.
"high-fold natural sweeteners are more complex to extract than synthetic ones, so they often have a bit of bitterness in the aftertaste and are less used in drinks." Zhu Lujia said, such as stevia sugar is currently widely used in the field of medicine, can replace sucrose, reduce costs, sweet can be combined with the sour, and the bitter taste in the bitter medicine will not be detected.
the sugar generation healthy?
A network of red-white peach-flavored soda bubble water used in the sweetener has erythropoietiol, in its bottle packaging hit the "0 sugar 0 fat 0 card" flag, but a closer look at its nutritional content table, it says that every 100 ml contains 3.8 grams of carbohydrates.
this, Zhu Lujia explained, "erythropolycol is a carbohydrate, but because erythropolycol is almost not involved in human metabolism, does not produce energy, so it still has the characteristics of zero sugar zero card." Ma Yuanhua, director of nutrition department and deputy director of endocrine metabolism center of Jiangsu Provincial People's Hospital, told China Newsweek that low-fold sweeteners of glycol are mostly involved in metabolism, such as glycol calories about 60% of sucrose, so they are classified as "nutritional substitute sugar";
Zhejiang University also had blood sugar tests on volunteers who had consumed a sugar drink. It was found that when the volunteers drank 200 ml of the bubble water in 3 minutes for half an hour, blood sugar levels increased slightly, from 4.7 mmol/L (mmol/L) before the trial, to 4.9 mmol/L after half an hour of drinking.
" can lead to insulin resistance, and although insulin secretion increases, blood sugar does not drop, but rises slightly. Ma explained to Hua. Therefore, it is not recommended for diabetic patients to drink sugary drinks in large quantities over a long period of time.
a 26-year-old queue study was even more detrimental to sugar substitutes. At the end of 2019, Diabetes Care, a journal of the American Diabetes Association, published a study led by Harvard University in the United States, fudan University in China and Huahua University of Science and Technology, which tracked nearly 200,000 people over a 20-year history. The results showed that sweet drinkers were at higher risk of developing type 2 diabetes, and that those who consumed more than half (about 120ml) of sugary drinks a day had an 18 per cent increased risk after four years, slightly higher than those who ate more than half a serving of sugary drinks or fruit juices a day (16 per cent).
"If a person's old habit was to drink a can of Coke a day, it might be healthier to replace it with a sugary drink now. But if someone who doesn't drink drinks drinks two or three cans of sugar a day, the long-term health effects may be worse, such as weight gain or an increased risk of diabetes. Ma said.
"a lot of people have had the experience of eating sugar, which is the central nervous system to signal that you stop eating too much sugar. The threshold of the central nervous system is raised, sensitivity is lower, and eating a lot of sugar does not feel excessive, especially for diabetics, it is very dangerous. Ma Said.
study of intestinal microbiomes has also focused on sugar substitutes. A study published in the journal Nature in 2014 showed that calorie-free artificial sweeteners (NAS) are more susceptible to metabolic diseases by inducing changes in the composition and function of gut bacteria, leading to reduced glucose tolerance.
has an irreplaceable effect on the sugar itself. Glucose is the main source of energy for the central nervous system, and when blood sugar levels drop below 3mmol/L, the human brain becomes dysfunctional within minutes, making it clear that the "hunger makes people stupid" segment is not unreasonable.
, 16 April 2020, Nature published the journal Columbia University's Charles C. S. Juke's team found that sugar works through the neural pathways that connect the gut to the brain, stimulating sugar intake, while substitute sugars fail to activate the intestinal brain neural pathways that identify sugar molecules specific.
Last June, The China Science and Technology Food and Nutrition Information Exchange Center, the Health Communication Branch of the Chinese Society of Preventive Medicine, the Food Hygiene Branch of the Chinese Society of Preventive Medicine and the Food and Nutrition Science Communication Alliance jointly released a "Understanding of Knowledge about Food Sweeteners", declaring that sweeteners have been widely used in breads, pastries and condiments in more than 100 countries for 100 years, and that safety has been affirmed by international food safety agencies. But attitudes toward sweeteners abroad have begun to return - a slogan at the American Diabetes Association's annual meeting in 2019 called for "it's best to stay away from all sweeteners, including sugar-free sweeteners."
the 30th issue of China Newsweek in 2020
.