Methods for the identification and separation of marine line bacteria.

First, the distribution of line bacteria is often in the state of spores or mycelium is extremely widespread in nature.
the largest number of soils, regardless of quantity and type.
that each g of soil can contain tens or even millions of spores, but is affected by soil properties, seasons, crop types and other conditions.
general, there is more soil than lean soil, more soil in farmland than forest soil, and more in neutral or alkaline soil.
soil environmental factors such as organic matter, moisture, temperature, breathing conditions, etc. also affect its quantity.
it is suitable for growing in soils with lower water content.
and manure and compost are limited to high-temperature line bacteria activities.
products produced by the catalytic line bacteria often give the soil a special mudy smell.
rivers and lakes, the number of line bacteria is small, mostly small monosporidium, swimming line bacteria and spore streptococcal mold, as well as a small number of streptomyces.
most of the bacteria found in the ocean come from soil or from algae that live on floating seas.
salt-resistant line bacteria in the sea water.
There are also a large number of line-releasing mycelium and spores in the atmosphere, they are not native microbial systems, but because of soil, plants and animals, food and even clothing and other surfaces have a large number of line bacteria, because they are resistant to drying, often with dust, water droplets, with the help of wind into the atmosphere caused.
food often grow line bacteria, especially in relatively dry, warm conditions easy to multiply in large numbers, so that food issued a pungent smell of mold.
healthy animals, especially ruminants, have a large number of bacteria in the intestines, they can be settled in the intestines of microorganisms, compost in the high temperature line bacteria may come from this.
there are a large number of rotting line bacteria in animals and plants, and occasionally parasitic line bacteria exist.
the distribution of liberating line bacteria, it is undoubtedly very important to further develop the resources of line bacteria, and to find and screen new antibiotics.
, the form and structure of line bacteria are single cells, mostly composed of branched developed mycelium, the simplest for rod-shaped or with the original mycelium.
is about the same diameter as rod-shaped bacteria, about 1 micron.
cell wall chemical composition also contains the original nuclear organisms unique cytowall acid and d'amino acid, does not contain a few butyl or cellulose.
positive for erythroid staining and rarely negative.
many of the bacteria in the case of anti-acid dyeing also Wu positive, like Noka's line bacteria.
it can also be negative if it takes too long to decolor, which is one of the differences between Nocco and BAC.
the structure of mycelium cells is basically the same as that of bacteria.
according to the form and function of mycelium can be divided into three kinds of nutrient mycelium, gas filament and spore silk.
(a) nutritional mycelium, also known as primary silk or primary mycelium, grows in the medium, the main physiological function is to absorb nutrients, so also known as in-house mycelium.
Nutritional mycelium is generally no diaphragm, even if there are very few, diameter 0.2-0.8 microns, but the length varies greatly, short less than 100 microns, length can reach more than 600 microns;, red, purple, blue, green, brown, black and other different colors, if water-soluble pigment, can also be permeable into the culture base, the culture be dyed with the corresponding color, if it is non-water-soluble (or lipid-soluble) pigment, so that the tons of bacteria present the corresponding color.
therefore, pigmentation is an important basis for the identification of strains.
(ii) gas-breathing mycelium, also known as secondary mycelium.
the development of the nutrient mycelium to a certain period of time, grow out of the media and extend into the space of the mycelium for gas-producing mycelium.
it is stacked on nutrient mycelium so that it covers the entire surface of the microselith.
under the optical microscope, the color is darker, the diameter is thicker than the nutritional mycelium, about 1-1.4 microns, its length is even greater.
branches with straight or curved shapes, some producing pigment.
(iii) spore filaments when the gas-producing mycelium develops to a certain extent, and it differentiats the spores that can form the mycelium, i.e. spores, also known as spores or reproductive mycelium.
the shape of the spores and how they are arranged on the gas-producing mycelium varies from strain to strain.
spores are shaped in straight, wave, and spiral shapes.
structure and length of the spiral spore wire are stable, and the number of spirals, the degree of dredging, the direction of rotation, etc. are all characteristics of the species.
number of spirals is usually 5-10 turns, and there are as few as 1 to 20;
arrangement of spores, some alternating, some plex or rotating.
spores are divided from one point to more than three spore branches, called rotating branches.
it has first- and second-class rotations.
the above characteristics, can be used as a basis for the identification of strains.
spores grow to a certain stage to form spores.
Under the optical microscope, the spores are spherical, oval, rod-like, melon-like, etc., and the surface structure of the spores can also be seen under the electron microscope, some smooth, some with small warts, some with stings (different kinds of spores, different lengths of stings) or hairs (Figure 2-63).
structure of spores is also an important basis for the identification of line bacteria species. the surface structure of
spores also has a certain relationship with the shape and color of spores, the surface of spores formed by normal straight or cyclosporine is smooth, while the shape and color of spiral spores also have a certain relationship, generally straight or wave-like spores formed Spores have a smooth surface, while spores formed by spiral spores, some smooth, some with thorns or hair, white, yellow, pale green, grayish yellow, lilac spores surface is generally smooth, pink spores only a very small number of stings, black spores are mostly stinging and hair.
because spores contain different pigments, mature spore piles also show specific colors, and under certain conditions are relatively stable, it is also one of the basis for the identification of bacteria.
should be pointed out that the form and size of spores can not be generally used as an important basis for classification identification.
because even spores that differentiate from a spore filament may vary in shape and size.
development cycle of the bacteria is a continuous process.
Now take streptomyces as an example, the life history of the line bacteria is summarized as follows: spores germinate under suitable conditions, grow 1-3 bud tubes; The nutritional mycelium develops to a certain stage and grows into a gas-producing mycelium in the outer space of the media; the gas-forming mycelium develops to a certain extent, forming spores on top of it; and spores form spores in a certain way.
has been so around that it has survived and developed.
, line bacteria and mycelium characteristic line bacteria of the microbiosis is composed of mycelium.
generally round, light flat or have many wrinkles, optical microscope observation, the bacteria around the radiation-like mycelium.
characteristics of the plant are between mold and bacteria, and can be divided into two categories depending on the type: one is a type of bacteria formed by the production of a large number of branches and gas-forming mycelium and strains.
of streptomycin is a representative of one type.
Streptococcal mycelium is thin, slow growth, branching and winding each other, so the formation of the microbiotic texture dense, the surface is tight velvet or solid, dry, wrinkled, the microlith is small and does not spread; In the culture, so the colonies and the culturebed binding tight, not easy to provoke or provoke after not easy to break: when the gas-like mycelium has not yet differentiated into spores, the young colonies and bacterial colonies are very similar, smooth or like hair tangles.
Sometimes the gas-forming mycelium is in a cocentric ring, and when spores produce a large number of spores and cover the entire surface of the microflora, a typical floc-like, powdery or granular-like line-on microflora is formed;
another type of microbiosis is formed by species that do not produce a large number of mycelium, such as the nocline bacteria, poor adhesion, the structure is powdery, and crushed with needles.
If the line bacteria are inoculated in the liquid media static culture, can form a plaque or membrane-like microdiscovery at the surface of the bottle wall, or subsidence to the bottom of the bottle without clouding the media;
, the breeding mode of the line bacteria is mainly through the formation of asemic spores to reproduce, but also by the bacteria for cracking fragments of reproduction.
to a certain stage, a part of the gas-producing mycelium to form spores, spores mature and differentiate to form many spores, called sepsis spores.
spores are produced in several ways.
coagulation splits to form condensed spores.
The process is that the protosm in the spore wall surrounds the nuclear material, gradually condensing from the top to the base into a string of small segments of equal size or size, and then the small segment shrinks and produces a new spore wall outside each segment to become a circular or elliptical spore.
the spores mature, the spore wall ruptures and releases the spores (Figures 2-65).
most of the line bacteria in this way to form spores, such as streptomyces spores in the formation of many of this type.
has now raised objections to a number of approaches.
split to form a cross-sectional spore.
Its process is a single-cell spore filament that grows to a certain stage, first producing a transverse membrane, and then breaking at the transverse membrane to form spores, called transverse spores, also mid-sectional spores or powder spores (Figure 2-66).
is generally cylindrical or rod-shaped, the volume is basically equal, similar in size, about 0.7-0.8 x 1-2.5 microns.
genus noccal bacteria forms spores in this way.
some line bacteria first form spore sporangium on the mycelium, in the spore sac to form spores, spore sacs mature, rupture, releasing a large number of spore spores.
spore sacs can be formed on gas-forming mycelium, or on nutritional mycelium, or both.
-free line bacteria genus and streptococcus cystic bacteria belong to the people to form spores in some ways.
spore sacs can be formed by spore wire coiling, and some by the spore sac handle of the top puffed formation.
spore formation process is shown in Figure 2-67.
Most species of spores in the small monosporidium family are formed as single-axis branches on the nutrient line, and the base regenerates straight and short (5-10 microns) of special branches, which can also be branched again, forming a spherical, elliptical or long circular spore at the top of each branch, which gathers together much like a bunch of grapes (Figure 2-68), which are also called spores.
some line bacteria occasionally produce thick-walled spores.
bacterial spores have a better resistance to drying, but not high temperature, 60-65 degrees C treatment of 10-15 species is inability to live.
can also form pro-bacteria by breaking pieces of mycelium, a breeding method commonly found in liquid media.
the production of antibiotics in industrial fermentation, the line bacteria in this way in large numbers.
if the culture is placed, the surface of the culture often forms a membrane, the membrane can also produce spores.
, the physiology of the line bacteria in addition to a few self-breeding strains such as self-breeding streptomyces, the vast majority of the difference.
is very different.
the nutritional requirements of these isogly different, some can use simple compounds, some need complex organic compounds.
they can take advantage of different carbohydrates.
they can use different carbohydrates, including sugar, starch, powder organic acid, cellulose, hem cellulose, etc. as energy.
the best carbon sources are glucose, maltose, paste, starch and glyceric oil, while sucrose, carpentry, cotton sugar, alcohol and organic acid are second.
organic acids are easy to use with acetic acid, lactic acid, citric acid, slyctic acid and malic acid, while herbic acid, tacit acid and malic acid are more difficult to use.
can also use a few butyls, hydrocarbons, denin and even rubber.
nitrous nutrients, with protein, proteinand certain amino acids the most suitable, nitrates? Ammonium salts and vegetarians are second only.
addition to Noccardia, the vast majority of line bacteria can use cool protein, and can liquefy gelatin.
like other organisms, the growth of line bacteria generally requires K, Mg, Fe, Cu and Ca, where Mg and K have a significant effect on mycelium growth and antibiotic production.
mineral nutrients required for the production of various antibiotics are not identical, such as Zn elements required for the production of nephromycin by Streptomycin, while Mg, Fe, Cu, Al and Mn, etc., do not work.
Co is an essential element for the production of vitamin B12 by line bacteria, which can increase the vitamin yield of grey streptomyces by three times when the medium contains 1 or 2 ppm co, and can be toxic if the co content in the medium is as high as 20-50 ppm.
addition, Co has a function that promotes spore formation.
that most of the line bacteria are good gas, only some species are trace good gas bacteria and anaerobic bacteria.
Therefore, the industrial fermentation process of antibiotics must ensure adequate breathability, temperature also has an impact on the growth of line bacteria, most of the line bacteria the most suitable growth temperature of 23-37 degrees C, high temperature line bacteria growth temperature range of 50-65 degrees C, there are also many strains in the 20-23 degrees C or less still grow well, the wire-releasing bacteria silk body than the bacteria nutrition body anti-drying ability, many strains have in CaCl2 and H2SO4 dryers can survive for about a year and a half.
the physiological characteristics of the bacteria are quite complex, which can only be briefly described here.
to understand the above characteristics, it is undoubtedly very important to further develop its economic benefits and to find and develop the resources of the bacteria.
, the representative genus (i) streptomyces has about 1,000 species, including many different species and variants.
they have well-developed mycelium, mycelium branching, no diaphragm, diameter of about 0.4-1 microns, length and length, multi-core.
mycelium has nutritional mycelium, gas-forming mycelium and spores, spores and spores are then formed.
spores and spores vary from species to species, which is one of the main identifying characteristics of streptomyces genus.
although some streptomyces can be found in fresh water and oceans, they are mainly grown in soils with low water content and better breathability.
because of the great economic value and medical significance of many streptococcus antibiotics, a lot of research has been done on this type of line bacteria.
studies have shown that antibiotics are mainly prescribed by line bacteria.