my country's 31 pig breeds are endangered and endangered

 　　Recently, the average domestic pig price has fallen below the 20 yuan per kilogram mark, setting a new low.
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　　China is a big pork consumer.
In 2020, China's pork consumption will account for 47% of the world's pork consumption.
The pig price is related to thousands of households.
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　　But today we don’t talk about the price of pigs, we have to talk about another big problem of raising pigs: pig breeds.
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　　In terms of pork production, we are not very dependent on external sources.
The annual pork import volume is less than 3% of the total domestic production.
Except for some smuggling, China's pork is almost entirely self-produced.
At the end of 2020, China’s live pig inventory was 406.
5 million, an increase of 96.
09 million over the end of 2019, an increase of 31.
0%.
Many of these pigs will be listed in 2021.
It is expected that China’s pork supply will be close to the highest level in history in 2021.
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　　However, there is a hidden danger hidden in the data of the good situation: in 2020, China's import volume of breeding pigs will also hit a record high, reaching 29,042.
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　　The "National Pig Genetic Improvement Plan (2021-2035)" issued by the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs puts forward a goal: by 2035, the core species source rate of live pigs should be maintained at more than 95%, and "to ensure that the core species of livestock and poultry are autonomous Controllable".
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　　This sentence is very meaningful.
Liu Yonghao, a member of the National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference and chairman of the New Hope Group, compared the pig breed problem to a "pig chip" at the two sessions this year, thinking that the core seed source should not be a choke.
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　　Why do Chinese pig breeds need to be imported in large quantities? This is a long story.
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　　China has a long history of raising pigs, and the species are very rich.
Li Shizhen in the Ming Dynasty wrote in "Compendium of Materia Medica", "Pigs are different from all over the world: those born in Qing, Yan, Xu, and Huai have big ears; those born in Yan and Ji have thick skin; those born in Liang and Yong have short feet; Those born in Liaodong have white heads; those born in Yuzhou have short mouths; those born in Jiangnan have small ears, which are called'jiang pigs'; those born in Lingnan are white and extremely fat.
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　　According to the available history, as early as 2000 years ago, the Roman Empire introduced Chinese Panyu pigs to improve the shortcomings of their original pig breeds of late maturity and poor meat quality, and then bred Roman pigs.
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　　Many world-famous pig breeds now have genes from Chinese pig breeds.
For example, according to the British Encyclopedia, the current European pig breed is a cross between local pig breeds and Chinese pig breeds; the world-famous Yorkshire pig is a cross between Guangdong pig breeds and local British pigs; in the early 19th century , South China pigs were introduced into the United States and bred with local pigs to bred Bozhong pigs and Chester white pigs.
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　　So why has China's pig breeds declined in recent decades?3GY China Feed Industry Information Network-Based on feed, serving animal husbandry

　　Since the 1950s, China has begun to use hybrid pig breeds extensively.
In 1950, China introduced the Soviet large white pigs on a small scale for the first time.
In the 1960s, they began to introduce Yorkshire pigs of British origin on a large scale.
In 1963, the Danish Landrace pig landed in China.
In 1972, Nixon visited China and brought two more American Duroc pigs.
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　　After the introduction of the concept of industrial pig raising in the 1980s, the advantages of foreign pig breeds became more apparent.
It takes half a month longer for Chinese native pig breeds to reach 100 kg (ie adult weight) than foreign pig breeds, but the litter size and lean meat rate are lower than those of foreign pig breeds.
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　　For farmers, the difference in breeding costs is obvious.
Chinese native pigs need 4 to 6 kg of feed to gain 1 kg, while foreign pigs only need 2 to 3 kg.
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　　In the process of optimizing breeding, Chinese domestic pig breeds have never been able to surpass the performance advantages of foreign pig breeds.
Therefore, on the basis of industrialization, imported pig breeds such as Duroc, Landrace, and Dabai have gradually been promoted and applied nationwide, and local pig breeds have gradually slipped into a disadvantaged position.
In the mid-1990s, introduced breeds have gradually become the dominant breeds in China's live pig industry.
In 2011, according to the China Economic Times, more than 90% of the pig breeds raised on a large scale in my country were foreign breeds.
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　　Since 2004, the state has initiated the second national survey on genetic resources of livestock and poultry.
The results show that there are 125 pig breeds in my country, of which 88 are local breeds.
About 85% of the local pig populations are in a downward trend, and 31 breeds are endangered and endangered.
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　　In fact, compared with foreign pig breeds, local pig breeds are not only more adaptable to the local ecological environment and feeding and management conditions, but also show obvious diversity.
For example, the southern pig breeds have stronger heat resistance, while the northern pig breeds are more resistant to rough feeding.
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　　In addition, whether pork is good or not depends on one indicator: the meat quality indicator intramuscular fat (IMF).
According to estimates, 2%-3% is the ideal level for fresh meat.
During the 20 years of breeding in the United Kingdom, the fat percentage in the carcass of pigs has been reduced by 35%, but the intramuscular fat has also decreased by 27%; the intramuscular fat of the four varieties of pork in Denmark has decreased by about 50% from 1978 to 1992.
The IMF of Landrace and Large White pigs is only about 1%, and Duroc pigs have only 2.
05%.
In contrast, China's native pig IMF can reach about 3%, which is why people often say that "pork is not as good as it used to be".
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　　Of course, increasing the proportion of pig breeds in China is not only to allow the people to eat better pork, but also for the safety of food supply throughout the country.
Although China is a big country in animal husbandry, and the output of pork, chicken, and poultry eggs ranks first in the world, China is not a strong country in the animal husbandry industry.
If you rely on foreign breeding for a long time, it will be tantamount to handing over the source of the Chinese people's protein intake in the hands of others.
It is a bit shudder to think about it.
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　　Even from the perspective of short-term effects, after the African swine fever, many pig companies have realized that the core breeding herd is the foundation of sustainable development.
Generally, breeding pigs will degenerate after 5 to 7 litters.
In order to maintain a reasonable parity ratio, breeding pigs are eliminated in pig breeding.
For large-scale pig farms, a batch of sows are eliminated approximately 1/3 each year, and all pigs are eliminated in three years; boars are generally eliminated 50% each year and all eliminated in two years.
Blindly introducing breeds can only keep the pig industry in a vicious circle of "introducing breeds, maintaining breeds, degenerating and introducing breeds again" for a long time.
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　　The state has included 34 local pig breeds in the "National List of Livestock and Poultry Genetic Resources Protection" through measures such as the promulgation and implementation of the "Law on Livestock Husbandry" and the establishment of the "National Pig Breeding Cooperation Group" for key protection.
In addition, 105 national pig core breeding farms have been selected successively, the national pig breeding core group has been formed, and the national pig genetic evaluation has begun.
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　　In 2012, the central government's funding for livestock and poultry protection increased to an unprecedented 53.
2 million yuan, with an average of about 400,000 yuan for each national-level local protected pig breed.
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　　The "National Pig Genetic Improvement Plan (2021-2035)" released this year pointed out that by 2035, a complete commercial breeding system will be established; specialty breeds cultivated with local pig genetic resources as materials will be cultivated to fully meet the consumer demand of diversified markets.
; Form the "Hua Series" breeding pig brand and cultivate 3 to 5 internationally competitive pig breeding companies.
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　　Of course, breeding is a work with a long cycle, a large investment, and slow results.
How China's local pig breeds can give full play to their advantages and return to the world stage remains to be tested by the market.
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