Name of organic compounds

naming is the "language" of learning organic chemistry and therefore requires learners to masterMethods such as naming organic compounds, including common named (customary naming) system naming, require the ability to write the correct names for common organic compounds or to write structural or structuralThe naming method of an organic compound1Some compounds by common name and abbreviation often use common names to master the structure of some commonly used commonly known compounds such as: methanol is methanol commonly known as alcohol (ethanol) glycol (glycol) glycol (propylene glycol) charcoal acid (phenol) Ant acid (metformin) salicylic acid (phthalates) cinnamonaldehyde (beta-phenylpropylaldehyde) baroaldehyde (2-butanealdehyde) salicylic acid (phendrite) chloroform (trichloromethane) oxalic acid (acetyl acid) bitter acid (acetyl acid) 246-trianabinol) glycine (alpha-aminoacetate) alanine (alpha-aminopropyl acid) glutamate (alpha-amino-amino-diacid) D-glucose D-fructose (the open chain structure of sugar by Fisher projection) etcIts abbreviations and commodity names such as RNA (ribonucleic acid) DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) aspirin (acetyl salicylic acid) coalphenol soap or resuol (47%-53% of the soapy water solution of the three melatonols) forformarin (40% formaldehyde water solution) Paracetamol (paraxylamide) nicotine (nicotinoline), etc.
2General naming (customary naming) methodrequires mastering the meaning and usage of """""""""""""""""""""""""""""
"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" Positive: represents straight-chain alkanes; different: refers to alkanes with structure at one end of the carbon chain; New: Generally refers to alkanes with structure at one end of the carbon chain.
Ber: A carbon atom connected to only one carbon is called a carbon atomZhong: Carbon atoms connected to two carbons are called mid-carbon atomsUncle: Carbon atoms connected to three carbons are called uncle carbon atomsSeason: Carbon atoms connected to four carbons are called seasonal carbon atomsAs in the following formula: C1 and C5 are both Bo carbon atoms C3 is the mid-carbon atom C4 is the uncle carbon atom C2 is the seasonal carbon atom.
To master the structure of common hydrocarbon-based such as: olepropylene-based propylene-based isopropyl isopropyl isobutyl butyl butyl, etc.
For example: 3 System nomenclature system nomenclature is the focus of the naming of organic compounds must be proficient in the naming principle of various types of compounds Wherehydrocarbons are named as basic geometric isomers optical isomers and polygeocorporation compounds named difficult points should be paid attention to Second-case problem resolution
named alkanes named are the basis for the naming of all open-chain hydrocarbons and their derivatives.
Example 1
naming steps and principles: (1) select the longest carbon chain selection main chain has several identical carbon chain should choose the carbon chain containing the replacement of Quito as the main chain.
(2) The number to the main chain number starts at the nearest end to the replacement base If there are several possible circumstances, each replacement base should have the smallest number or the sum of the number of replacement bases as possible.
(3) The writing name is represented by Arabic numerals to replace the base of the bit first write the bit of the replacement base and the name and then write the name of the alkanes; there are several substitute bases simple in the former complex in the same after the same replacement base merge write with the same number of Chinese characters to represent the same replacement base; Arabic numerals and Chinese characters are separated by half-word lines.
The compound above this principle is named: 2347-tetraoctane.
2 The naming of geometric isomers of olefin geometric isomers includes two methods, reverse and ZE.
Simple compounds can be expressed in reverse or in ZE When the same atom or group is represented by reverse, the same atom or group is trans on the same side of the double-bonded carbon atom.
Example 2
If the two-bond carbon atom is not the same four groups can not be expressed with the reverse can only be expressed with ZE According to the "order rule" "compare the priority of two pairs of groups two superior groups on the same side of the two-bond carbon atom for the Z-type is the reverse type ZE is two different means of representation there is no inevitable intrinsic relationship Some compounds can be expressed with ze can also be used to indicate the type of shun type is not necessarily Z-type reverse is not necessarily E-type For example: lipid ring compound also exists the same side of the base in the ring plane is reverse.
The parent of the 3
compound is cyclobutane on the 13th side of the ring plane and therefore two methyls, therefore trans isomers 3 The configuration of the named optical isomer of optical i somers has two representation methods DL and RS
DL marking method with glycerinic as the standard has certain limitations Some compounds are difficult to determine its correspondence with glycolic structure so it is more important to apply RS marking method it is based on the arrangement of four different atoms or groups of common carbon atoms in space Example 4
according to the projection, the formation first makes clear that the base group connected to the forward vertical line of the horizontal line in the projection, and then arranges the four groups connected by the hand carbon atom according to the "order rule" priority in the upper formula: -NH? The angular top of the three groups is the upper tip of the upper tetrahexon bottom triangle looking at the three groups from large to small clockwise for R counterclockwise for S In the upper formula from -NH2-COOH-CH2-CH3 for clockwise direction so the compound represented by the projection is R-shaped R-2-aminobutyric acid 4 The key to naming the two-officer and multi-officer group compounds is to determine the mother Common cases are: (1) Halogen and nitros as substitutes for other officer groups as mothers when they coexist with other military groups
(2) When the double bond coexists with hydroxyl niobium, it is not olefins as the mother but the ollynal ketone argon acid as the mother.
(3) When hydroxyl and caric acid coexist with the body of aldosterone.
(4) When the niobium and the chlorpyrifos coexist with the argon acid as the mother.
(5) When the double key and the three keys coexist should choose both double key and three keys of the longest carbon chain number to give the double key or three keys to the lowest number possible if the number of double keys and the number of three keys the same number should give the double key with the lowest number.
Example 5
steps and principles: (1) Determining the mother: for the carbon serotonin-substitution hydrocarbons generally with the hydrocarbon as the parent of nitros and halogens as the substitute base (2) Number: Start with methyl to make the sum of the replacement base bits to a minimum.
(3) Writing name: the order of different replacement bases is written in the order of the better-ordered groups in the order rules.
The compound is therefore named: 2-nitro-3-chlorotophre.
Example 6
steps and principles: (1) to determine that the maternal compound contains two military groups in accordance with the "order rule" "the base of the pyridine is better than the niobium base should be the mother acid as the substitute base.
(2) Number starts at one end of the base.
(3) The name compound was named: 4-methyl-5-pyridoxic acid.
5 The naming of heterocyclic compounds is generally transliterated because most of the heterocyclic cores are transliterated by foreign names It should be noted that the number of the replacement base generally starts with the hetero-atom along the ring number to make the carbon atom number with the replacement base minimal ; Example 7.
Steps and principles: (1) to determine that the parent compound is based on pyridoxasas as a substitute base.
(2) Number starts with nitrogen atoms.
(3) The written name compound is named: 2-nitroquine or a-nitropyriate.