Nature: Ah... can smoking more PM10 reduce the risk of thyroid cancer?

Thyroid cancer is the endocrine tumor with the highest incidence.
The incidence has increased in recent decades and is expected to become the fourth most common cancer in the United States in 2030
.

China, Japan and South Korea also reported a rise in thyroid cancer incidence trends , but anxious drama grew reasons are not clear

,

Some environmental factors are considered to be related to the occurrence of thyroid cancer, such as exposure to certain chemical pollutants, exposure to certain environmental conditions (electrical radiation exposure, etc.
)
.

But only a few reports support the potential link between air pollution and thyroid cancer

Meteorological conditions and air pollution may affect the incidence of thyroid cancer

The male to female ratio of the participants was 0.
27 (4965: 18195)
.

Compared with the thyroid cancer group, obesity rates, smoking status, drinking habits, CCI scores, total cholesterol levels, systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure were significantly different in age groups, gender groups, income level groups, and regional groups

Compared with the thyroid cancer group, obesity rates, smoking status, drinking habits, CCI scores, total cholesterol levels, systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure were significantly different in age groups, gender groups, income level groups, and regional groups

1.
Meteorological conditions, air pollution parameters, and thyroid cancer

1.
Meteorological conditions, air pollution parameters, and thyroid cancer 1.
Meteorological conditions, air pollution parameters, and thyroid cancer

Except for temperature range, average relative humidity, average SO2 and average NO2 concentration, all meteorological and air pollution parameters are significantly related to thyroid cancer (Table 2)
.

Except for temperature range, average relative humidity, average SO2 and average NO2 concentration, all meteorological and air pollution parameters are significantly related to thyroid cancer (Table 2)
.

In Model 1, the average temperature (1.
04, 95% CI 1.
01-1.
07), the lowest temperature (1.
03, 95% CI1.
00-1.
06, P value=0.
026), the ambient air pressure (1.
02, 95% CI 1.
01-1.
03), Sunshine hours (1.
21, 95% CI 1.
09-1.
34), rainfall (1.
09, 95% CI 1.
04-1.
14), SO2 (0.
69, 95% CI 0.
48-0.
98), O3 (1.
17, 95% CI 1.
07-1.
28) , CO (0.
42, 95% CI 0.
27-0.
64), PM10 (0.
81, 95% CI 0.
77-0.
85) were significantly related to the occurrence of thyroid cancer (Table 2)
.

In Model 1, the average temperature (1.
04, 95% CI 1.
01-1.
07), the lowest temperature (1.
03, 95% CI1.
00-1.
06, P value=0.
026), the ambient air pressure (1.
02, 95% CI 1.
01-1.
03), Sunshine hours (1.
21, 95% CI 1.
09-1.
34), rainfall (1.
09, 95% CI 1.
04-1.
14), SO2 (0.
69, 95% CI 0.
48-0.
98), O3 (1.
17, 95% CI 1.
07-1.
28) , CO (0.
42, 95% CI 0.
27-0.
64), PM10 (0.
81, 95% CI 0.
77-0.
85) were significantly related to the occurrence of thyroid cancer (Table 2)
.

In model 2, relative humidity (1.
01, 95% CI 1.
00-1.
03, P value=0.
023), ambient air pressure (1.
02, 95% CI 1.
01-1.
03), sunshine hours (1.
17, 95% CI 1.
04-1.
31), NO2 (1.
33, 95% CI 1.
24-1.
43), PM10 (0.
64, 95% CI 0.
60-0.
69) are significantly related to the occurrence of thyroid cancer (Table 2)
.

In model 2, relative humidity (1.
01, 95% CI 1.
00-1.
03, P value=0.
023), ambient air pressure (1.
02, 95% CI 1.
01-1.
03), sunshine hours (1.
17, 95% CI 1.
04-1.
31), NO2 (1.
33, 95% CI 1.
24-1.
43), PM10 (0.
64, 95% CI 0.
60-0.
69) are significantly related to the occurrence of thyroid cancer (Table 2)
.

2.

The results of the subgroup analysis of Model 2 are summarized in Table 3

In the analysis by age, various meteorological factors and air pollutants are significantly related to thyroid cancer

In a subgroup analysis by gender, income, and area of ​​residence, it was found that meteorological factors and other air pollutants were inconsistent with thyroid cancer
.

NO2 showed that the OR of men (1.
77, 95% CI 1.
52 -2.
05) was higher than that of women (1.
22, 95% CI 1.
13 -1.
31), and the OR of the high-income group was higher (1.
36, 95% CI 1.
25 -1.
47) than that of the low-income group (1.
18, 95% CI 1.
06 -1.
31), and the OR of the rural population was higher (2.
08, 95%CI 1.
76 -2.
46) than the urban population (1.
27, 95%CI 1.
08 -1.
50)
.
However, regardless of gender, income or area of ​​residence, NO2 is positively correlated with thyroid cancer
.

NO2 showed that the OR of men (1.
77, 95% CI 1.
52 -2.
05) was higher than that of women (1.
22, 95% CI 1.
13 -1.
31), and the OR of the high-income group was higher (1.
36, 95% CI 1.
25 -1.
47) than that of the low-income group (1.
18, 95% CI 1.
06 -1.
31), and the OR of the rural population was higher (2.
08, 95%CI 1.
76 -2.
46) than the urban population (1.
27, 95%CI 1.
08 -1.
50)
.
However, regardless of gender, income or area of ​​residence, NO2 is positively correlated with thyroid cancer
.

In addition, PM10 showed that women had higher ORs (0.
69, 95% CI 0.
63–0.
75) than men (0.
51, 95% CI 0.
43 -0.
60), and low-income groups had higher ORs (0.
66, 95% CI 0.
59-0.
75) than high-income groups.
Group (0.
64, 95% CI 0.
58 -0.
70), while the OR of the rural population was higher (0.
70, 95% CI 0.
57--0.
86) than the urban population (0.
53, 95% CI 0.
46-0.
61)
.
However, regardless of gender, income or area of ​​residence, PM10 is negatively correlated with thyroid cancer
.

In addition, PM10 showed that women had higher ORs (0.
69, 95% CI 0.
63–0.
75) than men (0.
51, 95% CI 0.
43 -0.
60), and low-income groups had higher ORs (0.
66, 95% CI 0.
59-0.
75) than high-income groups.
Group (0.
64, 95% CI 0.
58 -0.
70), while the OR of the rural population was higher (0.
70, 95% CI 0.
57--0.
86) than the urban population (0.
53, 95% CI 0.
46-0.
61)
.
However, regardless of gender, income or area of ​​residence, PM10 is negatively correlated with thyroid cancer
.

In summary, the corrected ORs related to relative humidity (1.
01, 95% CI 1.
00-1.
03), ambient air pressure (1.
02, 95% CI 1.
01-1.
03) and sunshine hours (1.
17, 95% CI 1.
04-1.
31) show that The occurrence of thyroid cancer is positively correlated
.
However, these results are inconsistent in the subgroup analysis
.
In general, NO2 (1.
33, 95% CI1.
24-1.
43) and PM10 (0.
64, 95% CI 0.
60-0.
69) are significantly associated with thyroid cancer, and these relationships are always significant in the subgroup analysis
.
At present, only a few studies have investigated the relationship between air pollution and thyroid cancer.
For the first time , this study adopted a nested case-control study design to comprehensively evaluate the relationship between air pollution and thyroid cancer, and adjusted various meteorological conditions.

.

In summary, the corrected ORs related to relative humidity (1.
01, 95% CI 1.
00-1.
03), ambient air pressure (1.
02, 95% CI 1.
01-1.
03) and sunshine hours (1.
17, 95% CI 1.
04-1.
31) show that The occurrence of thyroid cancer is positively correlated
.
However, these results are inconsistent in the subgroup analysis
.
In general, NO2 (1.
33, 95% CI1.
24-1.
43) and PM10 (0.
64, 95% CI 0.
60-0.
69) are significantly associated with thyroid cancer, and these relationships are always significant in the subgroup analysis
.
At present, only a few studies have investigated the relationship between air pollution and thyroid cancer.
For the first time , this study adopted a nested case-control study design to comprehensively evaluate the relationship between air pollution and thyroid cancer, and adjusted various meteorological conditions.

.

Taking into account the carcinogenic effects of PM previously reported, our results unexpectedly show that PM10 is negatively correlated with thyroid cancer
.
Yanagi et al.
reported that the statistical correlation between urban PM10 exposure and the incidence of thyroid cancer is high and significant
.
Induction of systemic inflammation and immune response to self-antigens leading to the generation of ROS has been considered as the carcinogenic mechanism of PM in patients with thyroid cancer
.

Taking into account the carcinogenic effects of PM previously reported, our results unexpectedly show that PM10 is negatively correlated with thyroid cancer
.
Yanagi et al.
reported that the statistical correlation between urban PM10 exposure and the incidence of thyroid cancer is high and significant
.
Induction of systemic inflammation and immune response to self-antigens leading to the generation of ROS has been considered as the carcinogenic mechanism of PM in patients with thyroid cancer
.

However, the results of this research support the following research results on the endocrine disrupting effect of PM10
.
Oziol et al.
reported that the ambient air in French urban areas has thyroid receptor alpha-1 agonism, but has no competitive effect on t3-dependent transcriptional activity
.
Similarly, Nováková et al.
conducted an in vitro experiment and found that PM10 exposure to ambient air significantly increased thyroid receptor-mediated activity
.
In addition, Dong et al.
reported that PM2.
5 exposure was significantly related to the decrease of serum triiodothyronine (T3), T4 and TSH levels in female model rats (P<0.
05)
.

However, the results of this research support the following research results on the endocrine disrupting effect of PM10
.
Oziol et al.
reported that the ambient air in French urban areas has thyroid receptor alpha-1 agonism, but has no competitive effect on t3-dependent transcriptional activity
.
Similarly, Nováková et al.
conducted an in vitro experiment and found that PM10 exposure to ambient air significantly increased thyroid receptor-mediated activity
.
In addition, Dong et al.
reported that PM2.
5 exposure was significantly related to the decrease of serum triiodothyronine (T3), T4 and TSH levels in female model rats (P<0.
05)
.

There are also reports that PM2.
5 exposure inhibits the biosynthesis and biotransformation of thyroid hormones (THs) by activating the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis and inducing liver meridian thyroid hormone (transthyretin29)
.
In addition, Zeng Qinghong and others conducted a retrospective cross-sectional study and concluded that PM2.
5 increased by 10 µg/m3, FT4 decreased by 0.
12 pmol/L, FT3 increased by 0.
07 pmol/L, and FT4/FT3 vs.
PM2.
5 is negatively correlated (coefcient: −0.
06 , P<0.
01)
.
Based on these findings, we hypothesized that PM10 can increase FT3 and increase thyroid receptor-mediated activity, resulting in a decrease in TSH levels, HPT axis activation, and induction of liver transthyroxine, thereby reducing the incidence of thyroid cancer
.

There are also reports that PM2.
5 exposure inhibits the biosynthesis and biotransformation of thyroid hormones (THs) by activating the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis and inducing liver meridian thyroid hormone (transthyretin29)
.
In addition, Zeng Qinghong and others conducted a retrospective cross-sectional study and concluded that PM2.
5 increased by 10 µg/m3, FT4 decreased by 0.
12 pmol/L, FT3 increased by 0.
07 pmol/L, and FT4/FT3 vs.
PM2.
5 is negatively correlated (coefcient: −0.
06 , P<0.
01)
.
, Based on these findings, we assume that by adding PM10 FT3, improve thyroid receptor mediated activity, resulting in reduced levels of TSH, the HPT axis start, and transthyretin liver induced, thereby reducing the incidence of thyroid cancer
.

In the thyroid cancer group, the average concentration of NO ₂ in the 3 years before the onset of thyroid cancer was significantly correlated with the increased risk of thyroid cancer .
Compared with the control group, the average concentration of PM10 in the thyroid cancer group significantly reduced the risk
.

In the thyroid cancer group, the average concentration of NO ₂ in the 3 years before the onset of thyroid cancer was significantly correlated with the
increased risk of thyroid cancer .
Compared with the control group, the average concentration of PM10 in the thyroid cancer group significantly reduced the risk .
₂ Compared with the control group, the average PM10 concentration of the thyroid cancer group significantly reduced the risk
.

In addition, regardless of age, gender, income level or residential area, the positive correlation of NO2 is consistent with the negative correlation of PM10
.
Therefore, continuous efforts to reduce NO ₂ should alleviate the global increase in the incidence of thyroid cancer in ambient air, and at the same time, further multi-country ecological research should be carried out to determine the exact relationship between PM10 and thyroid cancer
.

In addition, regardless of age, gender, income level or residential area, the positive correlation of NO2 is consistent with the negative correlation of PM10
.
Therefore, continuous efforts to reduce NO ₂ should alleviate the global increase in the incidence of thyroid cancer in ambient air, and at the same time, further multi-country ecological research should be carried out to determine the exact relationship between PM10 and thyroid cancer
.
₂

 

Original source:

Original source:

Sung Joon Park, et al.
National cohort and meteorological data based nested case--control study on the association between air pollution exposure and thyroid cancer.

Scientifc Reports | (2021) 11:21562 | https://doi.
org/10.
1038/s41598-021-00882-7

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