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Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) are often considered pluripotent cells because they can be cultured in vitro to many stages of mammalian embryogenesis, but their developmental potential can be greatly expanded through interactions with extraembryonic stem cells, including trophoblasts Stem cells (trophoblast stem cells, TSCs), extraembryonic endoderm stem cells (extraembryonic endoderm stem cells, XEN) and inducible-XEN cells (inducible-XEN cells, iXEN)
On August 25, 2022, the team of Professor Magdalena Zernicka-Goetz from the University of Cambridge, UK, published a research paper titled "Synthetic embryos complete gastrulation to neurulation and organogenesis" online in the journal Nature
Embryonic stem cells are derived from the ectoderm and exhibit a remarkable ability to form embryonic-like structures when aggregated, and when embedded in Matrigel, can induce the formation of torso-like structures with somites, neural tubes, and gut
The study demonstrates that mouse embryos and extraembryonic stem cells can be assembled to form embryonic models that develop brain, neural tube, heart, foregut, somites, allantois, primordial germ cells and yolk sac structures
Figure 1.
In contrast to other stem cell-derived embryonic models, neuroblastoid bodies undergo morphogenesis of headfold structures in a manner very similar to that of natural embryos
Taken together, these events enable regions anterior to the primitive streak to properly direct forebrain and midbrain formation
Figure 2.
In fact, the researchers also reported a similar embryonic model in which TSCs were exchanged with ESCs inducible to express Cdx2
Figure 3.
Interestingly, embryos with induced TSCs exhibited greater defects in the development of their extraembryonic compartments, which were associated with defects in embryonic tissue formation
Taken together, this study demonstrates the replication of the consequences of Pax6 knockout in the neuroblastoid body, illustrating the potential of this intact embryonic model to dissect genetic factors regulating development without the need for experimental animals
Original link:
