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Click the blue word to focus on our ability to quickly adapt to the new environment is essential to survival.
Animals go out foraging and need to remember the landmarks along the way so that they can go home after catching their prey.
The spatial position information in these new environments relies on the neural circuit between the ventral hippocampus (vHip) and the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), which is then integrated into a stable and long-lasting memory so that it can be quickly recalled later.
Places walked.
In the process of spatial learning, the connection between vHip-mPFC will be strengthened.
Studies have shown that if this neural connection is maintained at a high strength, it will impair the learning process of new memories.
In addition, the strength of this neural connection may be permanent in the time dimension, but it cannot be permanent, otherwise the memory representation cannot be updated to adapt to new information.
Therefore, the ability to remember new experiences and learn from them depends on the persistence and flexibility of information encoding.
On February 24, 2021, the Joshua A.
Gordon research team of the Department of Psychiatry at Columbia University published an article in the journal Nature and found that exposure to new environments or experiences inhibits the synaptic connections established in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex, and promotes new development in mice.
Spatial memory learning.
The new environment can promote mice to learn new information, break traditions, and embrace new cognition.
Researchers place food on both sides of the T-maze, and the mice can freely choose to enter one side.
With the increase of training, the mice always run to the side of the maze, forming a kind of bias in selection, called free choice.
Then they placed the food on the side where the mice rarely go.
These stubborn mice still like to run to the side without food.
After about 40 times of training, the mice began to enter the side with food, breaking the original Some habits are called the flexible choice stage. Interestingly, after the researchers spent some time in the new environment before these mice entered the flexible choice stage, although selection bias still appeared in the early training period, they received fewer mice in the later stage than mice that had not been in the new environment.
Repetitive training can correct selection bias, which shows that the new environment can promote learning.
The increase of theta wave activity in the hippocampus of mice during exposure to a new environment plays a key role in learning and memory in rodents.
They found that during exposure to the new environment, theta wave firing in the mouse vHip brain area increased, but the synaptic function connection between vHip and mPFC weakened, and theta wave synchronization of mPFC neurons decreased.
Does the weakening of functional connectivity caused by this new environment make way for the subsequent changes in the strength of functional connectivity caused by learning and memory? Training in the free chioce phase will increase the connection of vHip-mPFC-synaptic function to a very strong level and continue to exist for a period of time.
Therefore, giving less training in the flexible choice phase does not seem to make the functional connection strengthen again.
More training can reinforce the above functional connection.
However, the researchers found that the vHip-mPFC-synaptic functional connection was weakened in the early stage of the flexible choice stage after exposure to the new environment (about 20 training sessions), but in the later training (between 21 training and 40 training sessions) functional connection Enhanced.
This shows that the new environment plays a very good buffering role, making the previously strong functional connections weaker, and establishing a flexible window so that subsequent learning and training can enhance these functional connections.
Light-regulated vHip-mPFC-synaptic connections To further confirm that the new environment can indeed change the strength of existing functional connections, researchers have artificially enhanced the strength of vHip-mPFC-synaptic connections through optogenetic technology.
Through this technology, they can The weakening of the functional connection caused by the new environment can realize the re-enhancement of the connection after the light is activated.
Previous studies have shown that the dopaminergic neural circuit from the ventral tegmental area (VTA) to vHip encodes information about the heart environment.
Researchers found that activation of dopamine type 1 receptors in the vHip brain area inhibits vHPC–mPFC synaptic function, promotes learning, and plays a role similar to a new environment.
Inhibition of dopamine type 1 receptors can cancel the new environment to promote learning.
This indicates that the neurotransmitter dopamine can mediate the flexible "buffer" function of the new environment.
In general, this article found that the new environment can "reset" the functional connection between the hippocampus and the cortex through dopaminergic signals, making subsequent learning easier.
[References] 1.
https://doi.
org/10.
1038/s41586-021-03272-1 The pictures in the article are all from the references
Animals go out foraging and need to remember the landmarks along the way so that they can go home after catching their prey.
The spatial position information in these new environments relies on the neural circuit between the ventral hippocampus (vHip) and the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), which is then integrated into a stable and long-lasting memory so that it can be quickly recalled later.
Places walked.
In the process of spatial learning, the connection between vHip-mPFC will be strengthened.
Studies have shown that if this neural connection is maintained at a high strength, it will impair the learning process of new memories.
In addition, the strength of this neural connection may be permanent in the time dimension, but it cannot be permanent, otherwise the memory representation cannot be updated to adapt to new information.
Therefore, the ability to remember new experiences and learn from them depends on the persistence and flexibility of information encoding.
On February 24, 2021, the Joshua A.
Gordon research team of the Department of Psychiatry at Columbia University published an article in the journal Nature and found that exposure to new environments or experiences inhibits the synaptic connections established in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex, and promotes new development in mice.
Spatial memory learning.
The new environment can promote mice to learn new information, break traditions, and embrace new cognition.
Researchers place food on both sides of the T-maze, and the mice can freely choose to enter one side.
With the increase of training, the mice always run to the side of the maze, forming a kind of bias in selection, called free choice.
Then they placed the food on the side where the mice rarely go.
These stubborn mice still like to run to the side without food.
After about 40 times of training, the mice began to enter the side with food, breaking the original Some habits are called the flexible choice stage. Interestingly, after the researchers spent some time in the new environment before these mice entered the flexible choice stage, although selection bias still appeared in the early training period, they received fewer mice in the later stage than mice that had not been in the new environment.
Repetitive training can correct selection bias, which shows that the new environment can promote learning.
The increase of theta wave activity in the hippocampus of mice during exposure to a new environment plays a key role in learning and memory in rodents.
They found that during exposure to the new environment, theta wave firing in the mouse vHip brain area increased, but the synaptic function connection between vHip and mPFC weakened, and theta wave synchronization of mPFC neurons decreased.
Does the weakening of functional connectivity caused by this new environment make way for the subsequent changes in the strength of functional connectivity caused by learning and memory? Training in the free chioce phase will increase the connection of vHip-mPFC-synaptic function to a very strong level and continue to exist for a period of time.
Therefore, giving less training in the flexible choice phase does not seem to make the functional connection strengthen again.
More training can reinforce the above functional connection.
However, the researchers found that the vHip-mPFC-synaptic functional connection was weakened in the early stage of the flexible choice stage after exposure to the new environment (about 20 training sessions), but in the later training (between 21 training and 40 training sessions) functional connection Enhanced.
This shows that the new environment plays a very good buffering role, making the previously strong functional connections weaker, and establishing a flexible window so that subsequent learning and training can enhance these functional connections.
Light-regulated vHip-mPFC-synaptic connections To further confirm that the new environment can indeed change the strength of existing functional connections, researchers have artificially enhanced the strength of vHip-mPFC-synaptic connections through optogenetic technology.
Through this technology, they can The weakening of the functional connection caused by the new environment can realize the re-enhancement of the connection after the light is activated.
Previous studies have shown that the dopaminergic neural circuit from the ventral tegmental area (VTA) to vHip encodes information about the heart environment.
Researchers found that activation of dopamine type 1 receptors in the vHip brain area inhibits vHPC–mPFC synaptic function, promotes learning, and plays a role similar to a new environment.
Inhibition of dopamine type 1 receptors can cancel the new environment to promote learning.
This indicates that the neurotransmitter dopamine can mediate the flexible "buffer" function of the new environment.
In general, this article found that the new environment can "reset" the functional connection between the hippocampus and the cortex through dopaminergic signals, making subsequent learning easier.
[References] 1.
https://doi.
org/10.
1038/s41586-021-03272-1 The pictures in the article are all from the references
