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Q fever is caused by
Coxiella burnetii
, an organism widely found in nature and responsible for infections in arthropods, pets, domestic and wild animals, as well as humans (
1
,
2
). Conventional diagnosis of Q fever is mainly based on serological tests, such as immunofluorescence, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and complement fixation (
3
). Isolation of
C. burnetii
is performed in cell culture, animals or embryonated chicken eggs, however, the procedure is time-consuming and hazardous and therefore restricted to specialized laboratories. The highly sensitive polymerase chain reaction (
PCR
) was shown to be a useful tool for the detection of
C. burnetii-specific
genomic
DNA
sequences in biological samples (
4
–
9
). A PCR assay designated Trans-PCR, which targets a repetitive, transposon-like element (
5
–
8
) proved to be specific and sensitive. However, the numerous DNA extraction steps required are time-consuming and carry a high risk of carryover contamination, thus reducing the assay’s sensitivity.