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In the late 1970s and early 1980s, several laboratories (
1
–
4
) reported that an applied electric field could induce transient pores in eukaryotic cell membranes. In addition to small molecules, such as sucrose and dyes,
DNA
could be introduced into these electropermeabilized cells (
5
–
7
). More recently, the electroporation process has been used to transform bacterial cells with plasmid DNA efficiently (
8
,
9
).
