[Science breakthrough] Delta is not flat, Kappa is here again!

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Author: Tiffany Guide: On August 14th, at a press conference on the prevention and control of the new crown pneumonia epidemic in Nanjing, Ding Jie, deputy director of the Nanjing Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, introduced this A confirmed case: Two people walked into the bathroom one after the other.
There was no physical contact between the two sides.
The spread of a virus was completed in only 14 seconds.
It can be seen how powerful the Delta virus is
.

In fact, as early as early June this year, the Director-General of the World Health Organization Tan Desai said: According to existing evidence, the emergence of new variants of the new coronavirus has aggravated the global spread of the new crown pneumonia epidemic
.

It is reported that only 10 months after the first discovery, the "Delta" mutant strain has spread in 132 countries and regions around the world
.

However, not only the Delta mutant virus has such a terrifying transmission and infection ability, but also the enhanced version of Delta and the resulting mutant virus is more powerful than it
.

Recently, scientists have carried out a different study on them, and provided a lot of valuable enlightenment for the field of virus research and clinical treatment! On November 8, the Deputy Secretary of the Department of Health (DOH) of the Philippines, Maria Rosario Vergeire, announced that the country had discovered the first case of "Kappa" (B1.
617.
1) mutant new coronavirus, which was originally discovered in India
.

Delta is not flat, Kappa is here again! Although everyone pays less attention to Kappa than Delta, Kappa may be more powerful than Delta
.

These two mutant viruses are also one of the subspecies of Indian mutant viruses
.

The significant mutation of the spike protein makes the Kappa virus, like Delta, more likely to infect cells and avoid the immune system's antibody response
.

A few months ago, when the Delta and Kappa mutant viruses swept across Italy, the incidence of the two mutant viruses originating from India in Italy accounted for only 4.
2% in May, and the proportion has jumped to 16.
8% in just one month
.

Francesco Broccolo, professor of microbiology at the University of Bicocca in Milan, Italy, once explained in an interview: “The current research data on Kappa virus is not detailed enough, but compared with Delta mutant virus, Kappa virus is likely to be more lethal because It can evade more antibodies
.

"In the past few days, three distinguished American scientists once again conducted in-depth discussions on them.
What is it that allows them to escape the human immune barrier and invade infected people so easily? These three scientists: Alexander Walls, David Veesler and Matthew McCallum led their research team to carry out this research.
Afterwards, they published the research results in an article in the journal Science titled "Molecular basis of immune evasion by the Delta and In the article "Kappa SARS-CoV-2 variants" let us take a look at their experiments and new discoveries
.

Most vaccine developers have focused their attention on the spike glycoprotein on the surface of the new coronavirus
.

Spike glycoprotein includes an N-terminal domain that enhances cell binding and a receptor binding domain that binds to the ACE2 receptor on the host cell
.

Most of the new coronavirus antibodies that have antagonistic and immune effects against the new coronavirus will target specific sites in these two regions; when the original new coronavirus strains mutate again and again, their original N-terminal domain and receptor binding domain are Then it became different from before, with certain deformations, dislocations, and distortions.
Therefore, when the first new crown antibodies want to resist them, these mutant viruses can easily escape the recognition of the antibodies.
This is the Delta and Kappa mutant viruses.
Why is it difficult to be "conquered" by the original antibodies? Faced with the antagonistic effects of antibodies on them, they are still very "tenacious"
.

The three lead scientists also said: “For patients with new crowns in the recovery period and people who have been vaccinated, our main goal for these two groups of people when studying neutralizing antibodies is to explore how much existing vaccines and therapeutic antibodies can still produce.
The immune function helps them resist Kappa and Delta mutant viruses
.

Undoubtedly, the question of vaccine effectiveness has also attracted widespread attention
.

"This experiment was led by David Veesler of the Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington School of Medicine in Seattle, and Veesler was also Howard.
Scientist at the Hughes Medical Institute
.

Also participating in this research are the University of Washington Medical Infectious Diseases Doctor and the Scientists of the Protein Design Institute
.

The lead authors of this study are Matthew McCallum and Alexandra Walls of the Department of Biochemistry at the University of Washington School of Medicine
.

In their latest experiment, they collected plasma samples from 37 people between the ages of 22 and 66.
These participants were all vaccinated with two doses of Pfizer vaccine or one dose of Janssen Covid-19 vaccine
.

The final data shows: Delta, Kappa, Delta+ these extremely fierce mutant viruses have greatly reduced the effectiveness of vaccine-induced antibodies to neutralize the virus.
Among them, Delta+ (advanced version of Delta mutant virus) is effective against this effect.
Maximum weakening
.

In this test, the antibodies in half of the people who received the Jassen vaccine completely lost the ability to neutralize one or more mutant viruses
.

Although Kappa and Delta+ mutant viruses can better evade the neutralization of antibodies produced by vaccines, at the beginning of this summer, Delta mutant viruses dominated the world
.

The high global incidence of Delta is consistent with its ability to spread more easily, replicate more easily, and produce a greater viral load in the nose and throat of infected people
.

They said that they will need to conduct further detailed research to explore all the interactions between the immune escape ability of the mutant virus and the stronger transmission ability, so that they will know why this mutant virus can become the world's leading mutant virus.

.

In the experiment, they continued to use cryo-electron microscopy to carefully examine the main infectious structure of the mutant virus, so as to understand more clearly how the mutation of the mutant virus reduces the sensitivity of the antibody
.

Their new discovery of the Delta mutant virus provides a unique molecular solution for the field of new coronavirus research, including what they call "the amazing reshaping of the N-terminal domain"-emphasizing that this mutant virus is avoiding Plasticity in antibodies
.

An antibody called S2X303 stands out because it can cross-react with several variants compared to all other neutralizing antibodies
.

By exploring how this antibody binds to the N-terminal domain, scientists have a clearer understanding of how it fights and resists the new coronavirus
.

The antibody uses an unusual angle to form a unique contact footprint in the N-terminal domain
.

Although the virus has a tendency to overcome immune defenses and resist treatment, there are still some hopes to effectively fight it
.

S309 is a parent of a new coronavirus antibody that has been authorized by the U.
S.
Food and Drug Administration for emergency use.
So far, its effectiveness has not been reduced by the genetic changes of the new coronavirus
.

It works by identifying the constant part of the receptor binding area
.

Recently, other antibodies have also been discovered that can recognize parts of the receptor binding domain that have not been altered in several types and strains
.

These findings will contribute to the clinical development of more antibodies to prevent and treat the new crown
.

The discovery of broadly neutralizing new coronavirus antibodies also provides many ideas for the development of more effective vaccines
.

Scientists are already developing a new generation of vaccine candidates, and this vaccine may be able to generate broad immunity against SABIC virus
.

This will promote the successful development of a global vaccine against Beta mutant viruses
.

The scientists in the experiment said: "These advances are expected to help the study of the new coronavirus and the new zoonotic sarcoma virus
.

" Reference: https://medicalxpress.
com/news/2021-11-explore- immune-evasion-delta-kappa.
html Note: This article aims to introduce medical research progress and cannot be used as a reference for treatment options
.

If you need health guidance, please go to a regular hospital
.

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