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Some time ago, "Wonderful Flower Talk" had a debate about whether time can be bought and sold.
I watched that episode with my friends.
A group of people engaged in medical biology quickly became the topic of "is the time to sell is current or cut from the tail of life", "is the time to be bought instantaneously realized or reflected in living longer".
And even if the time you buy is healthy, if you can only lie in bed because of illness, does it still make sense to buy time to extend your life at this time?
Living long is not the goal, the goal is to live long and healthy.
So how do you know if you can live long and healthy? A recent study published in the journal Nature Metabolism has some interesting new findings.
Researchers analyzed data from more than 9,000 people in three cohorts and found that from adulthood to old age, the composition of the human intestinal bacteria will become more and more unique, and the more healthy the individual, the more unique it will be.
This intestinal bacteria pattern related to healthy aging is partly manifested in the decrease of Bacteroides.
The higher abundance or lower uniqueness of Bacteroides means that the 4-year follow-up survival rate of the elderly is reduced.
Image source | pixabay We know that the composition of intestinal bacteria is affected by both the inside and outside of the human body and is constantly changing, but the degree of change in intestinal bacteria is actually not as dramatic as we thought.
Human intestinal bacteria change drastically in the early stages of life, that is, 0-3 years old, and will remain stable for a long period of time thereafter, and gradually change with age.
Among the elderly over the age of 65, many studies have confirmed in the past few years that there is a specific relationship between the composition of intestinal bacteria and physical health/weakness, pointing out that the function of intestinal bacteria is still equivalent to the quality of life of humans in later years.
important.
Then it is clinically necessary to identify the intestinal bacteria pattern corresponding to healthy aging.
A total of three cohorts were included in this study.
The age of the participants in the Arivale cohort is 18-87 years old.
According to the different methods of collecting and processing stool samples, they can be divided into two groups A and B (n=2539/1114); the age of the male osteoporotic fracture cohort (MrOS) is 78.
-98 years old, divided into discovery cohort and verification cohort (n=599/308); American Gastrointestinal Project (AGP) (n=4575) was used as external data to further verify the pattern of aging enterobacteria determined in the first two.
Research process The researchers first analyzed the β diversity of the microbiome, and used the Bray–Curtis difference matrix coefficient to evaluate the uniqueness of intestinal bacteria.
The higher the value, the greater the difference between an individual’s intestinal flora and other people in the population being studied.
It can be found that with age, the intestinal bacteria of the Arivale cohort participants show more and more unique trends, according to the level of genus, this change starts from 40-50 years old; according to the level of amplicon sequence variation (ASV), Changes start from the age of 50-60 and continue to increase.
Among all potential influencing factors, age has the highest correlation with the uniqueness of intestinal bacteria.
Other related factors include prescription drug use and drinking.
In addition, lipid markers are a significantly related factor.
Individuals with more unique intestinal bacteria also tend to have healthier lipid metabolism characteristics, such as lower low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and low-density triglyceride levels, and more High vitamin D levels.
Interestingly, the participant’s self-reported diet had little to do with the uniqueness of the intestinal bacteria.
It can be seen that the uniqueness of intestinal bacteria gradually increases with age.
Researchers have further examined the association between uniqueness of intestinal bacteria and metabolites in the blood.
Among 653 metabolites, 7 are related to uniqueness at the genus level, and 6 are related to ASV levels.
The uniqueness is related, 4 of which overlap.
These metabolites can be divided into two categories: phenylalanine/tyrosine metabolites, such as phenylacetylglutamine, p-cresol glucuronic acid, p-cresol sulfate; tryptophan metabolites, such as 3-indole Doxyphenol sulfate, 6-hydroxyindole sulfate, indole acetic acid, and indole propionic acid.
Among them, phenylacetylglutamine showed the strongest relationship, which could explain the difference of 7.
7% at the genus level and 3.
6% at the ASV level.
The uniqueness of intestinal bacteria and amino acid metabolites show a certain correlation.
Next, I came to the MrOS cohort.
Participants in this cohort are all over 78 years old, so it will be more helpful to understand the relationship between intestinal bacteria and human old age.
Through 16S rRNA sequencing, it can be found that the most unique samples tend to stand out from the two core genera of Bacteroides and Prevotella.
The higher the uniqueness, the lower the abundance of these two bacteria; and Firmicutes Some of the genera showed a positive correlation with uniqueness.
The health differences of the participants in the MrOS cohort are also greater.
Most of the participants have chronic diseases, so it also gives us the opportunity to observe the relationship between changes in intestinal bacteria and health, that is, whether intestinal bacteria can represent "healthy aging.
"
The analysis results found that in healthy individuals, there is a strong positive correlation between age and the uniqueness of intestinal bacteria at the genus level, while in poorly healthy individuals, this correlation is relatively low or does not exist at all.
The researchers also confirmed that drug use is not the main factor driving the aging pattern of intestinal bacteria.
It can be seen that in healthy individuals, the uniqueness of intestinal bacteria is higher.
Finally, the researchers used the longitudinal data of the MrOS cohort to verify whether the uniqueness of intestinal bacteria can be used to predict survival.
In general, there is a significant positive correlation between the relative abundance of Bacteroides and the risk of death from all causes, and is not affected by factors such as age and BMI.
During about 4 years of follow-up in the elderly over 85 years old, the correlation between the abundance of Bacteroides and death became stronger, and the risk ratio was also higher.
The uniqueness of intestinal bacteria is also negatively correlated with the risk of death.
The abundance of Bacteroides and the uniqueness of enterobacteria can be used to predict the risk of survival in older people.
Although the uniqueness of enterobacteria gradually increases with age, we can still find that they show convergent metabolic characteristics, namely The characteristics of aging can essentially be said to be changes in intestinal metabolism.
Many of the metabolites identified in this study are actually slightly toxic, indicating that the burden of intestinal metabolites will gradually increase in aging hosts.
Microbial amino acid metabolism may be an important new part of the host body that changes with age, but it is a complex function that runs through human doctors, and further research is needed to discover the details.
Reference: [1]https:// Author of this article | Dai Siyu
I watched that episode with my friends.
A group of people engaged in medical biology quickly became the topic of "is the time to sell is current or cut from the tail of life", "is the time to be bought instantaneously realized or reflected in living longer".
And even if the time you buy is healthy, if you can only lie in bed because of illness, does it still make sense to buy time to extend your life at this time?
Living long is not the goal, the goal is to live long and healthy.
So how do you know if you can live long and healthy? A recent study published in the journal Nature Metabolism has some interesting new findings.
Researchers analyzed data from more than 9,000 people in three cohorts and found that from adulthood to old age, the composition of the human intestinal bacteria will become more and more unique, and the more healthy the individual, the more unique it will be.
This intestinal bacteria pattern related to healthy aging is partly manifested in the decrease of Bacteroides.
The higher abundance or lower uniqueness of Bacteroides means that the 4-year follow-up survival rate of the elderly is reduced.
Image source | pixabay We know that the composition of intestinal bacteria is affected by both the inside and outside of the human body and is constantly changing, but the degree of change in intestinal bacteria is actually not as dramatic as we thought.
Human intestinal bacteria change drastically in the early stages of life, that is, 0-3 years old, and will remain stable for a long period of time thereafter, and gradually change with age.
Among the elderly over the age of 65, many studies have confirmed in the past few years that there is a specific relationship between the composition of intestinal bacteria and physical health/weakness, pointing out that the function of intestinal bacteria is still equivalent to the quality of life of humans in later years.
important.
Then it is clinically necessary to identify the intestinal bacteria pattern corresponding to healthy aging.
A total of three cohorts were included in this study.
The age of the participants in the Arivale cohort is 18-87 years old.
According to the different methods of collecting and processing stool samples, they can be divided into two groups A and B (n=2539/1114); the age of the male osteoporotic fracture cohort (MrOS) is 78.
-98 years old, divided into discovery cohort and verification cohort (n=599/308); American Gastrointestinal Project (AGP) (n=4575) was used as external data to further verify the pattern of aging enterobacteria determined in the first two.
Research process The researchers first analyzed the β diversity of the microbiome, and used the Bray–Curtis difference matrix coefficient to evaluate the uniqueness of intestinal bacteria.
The higher the value, the greater the difference between an individual’s intestinal flora and other people in the population being studied.
It can be found that with age, the intestinal bacteria of the Arivale cohort participants show more and more unique trends, according to the level of genus, this change starts from 40-50 years old; according to the level of amplicon sequence variation (ASV), Changes start from the age of 50-60 and continue to increase.
Among all potential influencing factors, age has the highest correlation with the uniqueness of intestinal bacteria.
Other related factors include prescription drug use and drinking.
In addition, lipid markers are a significantly related factor.
Individuals with more unique intestinal bacteria also tend to have healthier lipid metabolism characteristics, such as lower low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and low-density triglyceride levels, and more High vitamin D levels.
Interestingly, the participant’s self-reported diet had little to do with the uniqueness of the intestinal bacteria.
It can be seen that the uniqueness of intestinal bacteria gradually increases with age.
Researchers have further examined the association between uniqueness of intestinal bacteria and metabolites in the blood.
Among 653 metabolites, 7 are related to uniqueness at the genus level, and 6 are related to ASV levels.
The uniqueness is related, 4 of which overlap.
These metabolites can be divided into two categories: phenylalanine/tyrosine metabolites, such as phenylacetylglutamine, p-cresol glucuronic acid, p-cresol sulfate; tryptophan metabolites, such as 3-indole Doxyphenol sulfate, 6-hydroxyindole sulfate, indole acetic acid, and indole propionic acid.
Among them, phenylacetylglutamine showed the strongest relationship, which could explain the difference of 7.
7% at the genus level and 3.
6% at the ASV level.
The uniqueness of intestinal bacteria and amino acid metabolites show a certain correlation.
Next, I came to the MrOS cohort.
Participants in this cohort are all over 78 years old, so it will be more helpful to understand the relationship between intestinal bacteria and human old age.
Through 16S rRNA sequencing, it can be found that the most unique samples tend to stand out from the two core genera of Bacteroides and Prevotella.
The higher the uniqueness, the lower the abundance of these two bacteria; and Firmicutes Some of the genera showed a positive correlation with uniqueness.
The health differences of the participants in the MrOS cohort are also greater.
Most of the participants have chronic diseases, so it also gives us the opportunity to observe the relationship between changes in intestinal bacteria and health, that is, whether intestinal bacteria can represent "healthy aging.
"
The analysis results found that in healthy individuals, there is a strong positive correlation between age and the uniqueness of intestinal bacteria at the genus level, while in poorly healthy individuals, this correlation is relatively low or does not exist at all.
The researchers also confirmed that drug use is not the main factor driving the aging pattern of intestinal bacteria.
It can be seen that in healthy individuals, the uniqueness of intestinal bacteria is higher.
Finally, the researchers used the longitudinal data of the MrOS cohort to verify whether the uniqueness of intestinal bacteria can be used to predict survival.
In general, there is a significant positive correlation between the relative abundance of Bacteroides and the risk of death from all causes, and is not affected by factors such as age and BMI.
During about 4 years of follow-up in the elderly over 85 years old, the correlation between the abundance of Bacteroides and death became stronger, and the risk ratio was also higher.
The uniqueness of intestinal bacteria is also negatively correlated with the risk of death.
The abundance of Bacteroides and the uniqueness of enterobacteria can be used to predict the risk of survival in older people.
Although the uniqueness of enterobacteria gradually increases with age, we can still find that they show convergent metabolic characteristics, namely The characteristics of aging can essentially be said to be changes in intestinal metabolism.
Many of the metabolites identified in this study are actually slightly toxic, indicating that the burden of intestinal metabolites will gradually increase in aging hosts.
Microbial amino acid metabolism may be an important new part of the host body that changes with age, but it is a complex function that runs through human doctors, and further research is needed to discover the details.
Reference: [1]https:// Author of this article | Dai Siyu
