Summary: Classification of microorganisms.

IClassification unit and its classification unit complex refers to the specific classification group such as the primary nuclear biological community, Ecoli, etcrepresent a classification unitThe classification units of bacteria, like other bioclassifications, are divided into seven basic classification levels or or classification order from top to bottom: boundaries, doors, outlines, objectives, sections, genus, and speciesSub-classes, sub-sectors, sub-men, and sub-doors, can also be added if the ratings of these classification units are not sufficient to reflect differences between certain classification unitsSubspecies can also increase the family and sub-ethnic classes between the branch or sub-genus in the bacterial classificationThe hierarchical system of the bacterial classification unit is shown in the tableIt is worth emphasizing that the hierarchical order of the classification unit is only a summary of the level of the classification unit and it does not represent a specific classification unitIn addition to the above-mentioned levels of internationally recognized classification units, informal group terms are often used in bacterial classificationSuch as subspecies below commonly used cultures, strains, colonies and types above common groups, groups, departments and other group names in recent years, Woods also used the domain he divided all organisms into paleobiotic flora, bacterial domains and eukaryoyoyotic biological domains under the sub-demarcation domain as the highest level of classification unitsHere's a quick overview of some of the commonly used class group termsCulture refers to the cell group or growth of microorganisms in a certain space at a certain timeSuch as microbial oblique culture, shaker culture, etcIf a culture is produced by the reproduction of a single microorganism cell, it is called the pure culture of that microorganismThe pure culture of any microorganism isolated from nature can be called a microbiological strain by experimental method, such as the variant of a strain obtained through mutagenic change, or a new strain to distinguish it from the original strainStrains are the most basic operational entities in microbial classification and research Due to the possible differences in certain biological characteristics between different strains of the same species or the same subspecies, there may be important differences between different strains in respect of the fact that certain non-differential characteristics are not specific or defined subspecies Therefore, in practice, in addition to pay attention to the name of the strain but also pay attention to the name of the strain Strain names are commonly represented by number numbers, letters, people's names, place names, etc For example, the two strains representing bacillus and the numbering of the two strains of Bacillus aureus, respectively, can be used to produce protease the latter can be used to produce amylase The term group is also translated as group, population or group, which refers to the combination of the same individual in a certain space The existence of each species in nature has a certain spatial structure in its scattered, discontinuous settlements or distribution areas to form different group units these group units are called groups Type or often refers to subspecies below the sub-subspecies can be subdivided into different types when the differences in traits between the same species or subspecies are not sufficient to divide into the heart For example, according to the difference of antigen characteristics are divided into different serotypes according to the different reactions to phage lysis are divided into different phage types and so on Since the term is both representative and representative mode in order to avoid confusion, the word representation is now modified instead The meaning of the more commonly used type and how it is expressed are now listed in the table The meaning of the idioms, which are not defined but are widely used, is relatively clear In bacterial classification also commonly used groups, groups, departments and other group names with different occasions often have very different meanings can be a level of class groups can also represent the above-than-the-group collection of classification units For example, the first edition of berger's bacteria manual for the Berger system is mainly divided into groups of pronuclear organisms based on phenotype characteristics The individual species within the genus pseudomonas a difficile were divided into groups Therefore, when reading literature, we should pay attention to the difference The following is to introduce the meaning of the formal classification of subspecies above the level Commonly used generic terms and their meanings Biotypes Special Physiological Biochemical Characteristics Different Antigen Characteristics Different Antigen Segenic Characteristics Differences Differences To Host Pathogenicity Phage Differences Morphological Characteristics Special Morphological Characteristics Are basic classification units and classification levels in bioclassification It is very clear that the status of the hierarchical species as a classification unit is lower than the genus and higher than the subspecies Species as a classification unit it refers to "species" and the concept of species is still a complete problem in biology In higher organisms species are often seen as a natural group that interbreeds with each other and that this group is reproductively isolated from other groups Here "reproductive isolation" is seen as the criterion for distinguishing species Due to the lack of strict significance of pronuclear organisms, although there are also people according to whether the gene material exchange through transduction, transformation, joint, etc to determine the seed (called gene species) but because of the gene exchange mechanism involved in the various obstacles only according to this standard of the problem is still based on the genetic sequence data is still based on the genetic sequence data, such as hybridhogenine in the above or sequence homologous strains as a species Although this certain standard is scientific, it is difficult to be widely used in microbial classification at present In fact, the species described in the current microbial classification is still mainly based on various characteristics of which is mainly phenotype characteristics of comprehensive analysis of the refore's microbial species can be regarded as: a strain group with a high degree of characteristic similarity this strain group has a clear difference from other groups of strains The potential instability of some species that have been described in the classification of microbial species due to the lack of uniform objective standard taxonomy may make necessary adjustments with the change of the basis of the depth of understanding Subspecies or variants When different strains within a particular species have a few distinct and stable variants or hereditary characteristics that are not sufficient to distinguish into new species, these strains can be subdivided into two or more small classification units - subspecies Subspecies are the lowest classification levels in the official classification unit Variants are synonyms of subspecies Subgrade sub-classes of variants before the publication of the International Bacterial Naming Regulations are due to the confusion of the term "variant" after the sub-grade of bacteria is all used subspecies and no longer use variants A genus is a classification grade between a species or subspecies and a branch, which is also the basic classification unit in the classification of organisms It is usually the genus of a classification unit that has certain common features or closely related ones Any named species in the system classification belongs to a genus When a species has important differences from other related genus can also be identified as having only one species In general, the differences between microbial genus are more obvious, but there is no objective criterion for the division of genus Thus, classification at the genus level also changes with the development of taxonomy the number of species contained within the genus will also change as a result of the discovery of new species or changes in the classification status of species is the above grade classification unit The classification of genus, like the division of genus, is classified as a classification unit with certain common characteristics or related attributes at a higher level, which is referred to as the Section and reclassified the Section .. and so on It is worth mentioning that in a complete classification system each named species should belong to a certain genus, section, objective, outline, door, boundary, just like the Platts lexleke listed in the table In fact, in fact, the taxonomy relationship between many bacterial groups and their subject grades is not clear, so a considerable number of bacterial genus can not be classified into the corresponding subjects As for the outline, door, boundary, the division is also mainly in the accumulation of information in the research and exploration stage so that the classification of bacterial pronuclear organisms has not been able to establish a complete classification system so that each classification level has a clear classification position Table The grade system of the bacterial classification unit and the classification unit's class sub-category single-type Chinese name Latin name The name of the word "Berger's Manual" word end sending the new version of the first volume of the original nuclear biological community sub-sector thin-walled bacteria door Amengang Dark Bacteria Outline Yagon Licksh's body disease Yamuco's family of Theik's Second Clan Subgeni agenus-genus Platts- sub-clan Procht-twice-sub-sub-cyhotia The naming of classification units Is divided into two categories of biological names one is the popular name of the culture, the other category is the international uniform use of the name is the name of the school name The common name is a common name used in a country or region, such as we call the bacteria that cause tuberculosis "TB" and the English word for """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" The advantage of common names is that in a certain area easy to understand easy to remember but common names have limitations, especially not easy to communicate internationally Therefore, in order for the names of bioclassification units to become internationally universal, a naming law for biological workers in various countries, name-naming regulations, name-to-name, is to manage the naming of bioclassification units to ensure the unity, scientific and practical nature of biological names The naming of various organisms is now managed by the International Animal Naming Regulations, the International Plant Naming Regulations and the International Bacterial Naming Regulations It is reported that a unified international biological naming regulation for all types of organisms is currently being developed in anticipation of the new unified biological naming regulations to be formally implemented in the year below with bacteria as an example of the basic common sense about microbial naming The naming of classification units All official classification units including subspecies and subspecies above the classification unit of the school name must be Latin or other etymology Latinized word names  (1) A name is capitalized by a single master noun or an adjective used as a noun For example, the positive Latin word for Bacillus spores was originally intended to be "small bacillus" because the genus has spores and translate it into a  of clostridium Clostridium difficile genus neutral derived from the Greek word originally intended to be "spindle bacteria" salmonella negative to the Name of American bacteriologist (2) Species names and other biological-like bacteria also use double-name naming that is a species of the scientific name by the genus and the name plus two parts of the combination The first second for the genus initials to capitalize the second word for a kind of name plus words commonly used adjectives to be consistent with the sex of the name can also be used for names, place names, sick names or other nouns with the main or subordinate form of the name plus the initials of the word is not written For example, copper-green pseudomonas anegative is a name-calling lexical negative is the Latin adjective negative meaning "copper green" TB mycobacteria which is a compound word neutral genus genus of the Genus Greek is a name plus word is a Greek word and Latin word embellished synthesis of the noun semours form meaning "TB" Suyun golden spores which is a name-for-all When a generic reference to a genus bacteria and not specifically to any species or unnamed species in that genus may be added after the genus or some microccicocci  (3) Subspecies sub-names sub-type trio combinations are composed of genus, name additions and sub-names For example: sub-name plus word subspecies added to the anti-nitrification of the abbreviation subspecies of xylitose, the subspecies can be translated into anti-nitrification of the genus xlude sybise subspecies (4) genus or above the name of the sub-sub-sub-type sub-type sub-co-, the name of the classification unit above the sub-latinized Latinized negative plural noun or as a noun to be named as an initial Among them, the classification unit names of bacterial, sub-, branch, sub-family and sub-class have fixed end-of-word suffixes and examples of the composition and examples are shown in the table In addition, the name and year name of the named person can be attached after the classification unit name This suggests, for example, that the bacteria Staphylococcus aureus is named by the year The scientific names of classification units of genus, species, and subspecies are printed in italics in official publications for identification , naming patterns and their designations As mentioned earlier due to the lack of an easy-to-operate uniform standard for the division of bacterial classification units in order to reduce the confusion caused by the use of different criteria to define classification units, the classification of bacterial systems also adopts the "pattern concept" in the same way as other biological classifications That is, a classification unit officially named according to the naming regulation requirements should specify a naming pattern abbreviation for the pattern as the basis for the classification unit to be named Species and subspecies specified mode strains subgenic and genus specified mode species are the above to the primary classification unit designated mode genus Therefore, when a strain is identified as a new species or a new subspecies, the strain should be designated as that species or subspecies of the model strain if several strains are identified as a new species or subspecies at the same time must specify a more representative strain as the model strain of that species or subspecies Pattern strains should be sent to the strain preservation institution for examination and request The same is true for the determination of pattern species and pattern genus The publication of new names In accordance with the provisions of the bacterial naming regulations, the valid publication of new bacterial names shall be published in publicly available publications in the species catalogue, meeting minutes, meeting papers abstracts are not considered valid publication In addition, if the new name is published in a journal other than the Journal of International System Bacteriology to obtain international recognition and academic title priority, it must also be qualified for the publication of the new name to be published in an English annex for examination and periodic publication of the journal after the date of publication is considered to be valid, i.e from the date of publication, otherwise it is not considered qualified for publication and cannot be internationally recognized When a new name is published, the abbreviation of the new classification level shall be added to the new category, such as the new item "", "new genus", "new species" and so on For example, it indicates that the bacteria is a newly published species 3 Bacterial classification and Berger's manual Many international bacteriological taxonomists have put forward some bacteria classification systems that have had an impact in modern times before the century But the most influential of the comprehensive classification of bacteria after the years was the Berger's Handbook Therefore, the book has now become the main reference book for the classification and identification of bacteria.