The definition and characteristics of new infectious diseases, development situation, early warning and monitoring status.

New crown pneumonia, the new infectious disease that has swept the world.
recently, the Future Forum launched a series of scientific lectures on "Understanding the Future" on the theme of "Viruses and Human Health". Niu Junqi, vice president of the Institute of Translational Medicine at Jilin University's First Hospital, who was invited to give a lecture
, focused on new infectious diseases. what are
new infectious diseases? How to strengthen the early warning of new infectious diseases? The following small compilation for you to introduce the definition and characteristics of new infectious diseases, development situation, early warning and monitoring status quo.
the definition and characteristics of new infectious diseases (emergency and re-emerging infectious diseases) are infectious diseases caused by new or new pathogenic microorganisms, as well as infectious diseases that have caused regional or international public health problems in recent years.
new infectious diseases include two types: (1) emerging infectious diseases (eID), which are infectious diseases caused by new species or new pathogenic microorganisms, and (2) re-emerging infectious diseases (re-emerging infectious diseases, disease), which are classical infectious diseases that have been basically controlled and do not pose a public health problem, but have re-endemiced in recent years.
with the acceleration of globalization, increasingly frequent international exchanges, new infectious diseases also occur frequently, its epidemic has the following characteristics: the variety of pathogens, with viral infections in the majority, and mostly natural epidemic, insect-borne diseases and human-animal infectious diseases; As a result, the early diagnosis and treatment of new infectious diseases has received more and more attention
.
new infectious diseases are developing with a variety of types of new infectious diseases.
include infectious diseases caused by newly discovered pathogens, such as SARS, AIDS, and new coronapneumonia; ancient infectious diseases such as West Nile virus, which appear in new regions or populations, were initially reported only in Africa and later spread to five continents;
," Niu Junqi told Science and Technology Daily.
"In addition to the above, there is a new type of infectious disease that occurs in ecologically transformed areas, such as Lyme disease.
" Niu Junqi said that after World War II, the United States implemented a forest regeneration program, resulting in an increase in the breeding of ferns, causing an outbreak of Lyme disease transmitted by the ticks.
Earlier this year, Canadian singer Justin Bieber posted on social networking sites that he was suffering from Lyme disease.
According to data previously published by Nature, zoonotic diseases account for 60.3 percent of new infectious diseases, of which 71.8 percent are wild animals.
the SARS virus, Ebola virus, etc., which cause human diseases, are all from wild animals.
since the 1970s, there have been more than 40 new infectious diseases in the world, of which more than 30 have appeared in China.
" new infectious diseases are developing continuously, and the frequency of occurrence is increasing.
" Niu Junqi said, in terms of regions, low latitudes have a higher risk of new infectious diseases.
" many factors that can trigger new infectious diseases, such as genetic variation of viruses, changes in human susceptibility, climate and weather, changes in population and trade, widespread use and misuse of antibiotics, construction of dams and irrigation systems, and the collapse of public health systems, biological terrorist incidents (such as the 2001 anthrax attack), poverty and war.
," Niu Junqi said.
in addition, as diagnostic technology improves, more and more previously neglected infectious diseases will be identified.
early warning needs to be empowered to the grass-roots Niu Junqi introduction, SARS outbreak, China has strengthened the prevention and control of new infectious diseases, and enhanced the early identification of new infectious disease pathogens, rapid vaccine research and development, disease early warning and diagnosis and treatment capacity.
in the field of early warning of infectious diseases, in 2008 began to operate the national automatic early warning system for infectious diseases, but also built the national infectious disease reporting information management system and its core subsystem of the National Infectious Disease Network direct reporting system, and through the opening of the hospital HIS system and direct reporting system, reducing the difficulty of doctors to fill out infectious disease report card.
", while there have been important advances, they now appear to be far from enough.
," Niu Junqi said.
doctors are the "watchmen" for the prevention of infectious diseases. After
discovers cases of infectious diseases, the doctor is responsible for filling out the infectious disease report card and entering the information into the direct reporting system.
but the report card monitors 39 known statutory infectious diseases.
as for new infectious diseases, because of the "new", so the confirmation time is long.
accordingly, there are many difficulties when filling the card, such as what kind of disease is the new infectious disease? What's the cause? Is it necessary to simply find a suspected case? Doctors also said that in the early stages of the epidemic, if the number of patients increased, doctors may have no time to fill out the reportinformation. Li Liming, a professor at Peking University's School of Public Health and the first director of the China Center for Disease Control and Prevention, suggested that the infectious disease reporting system should focus on the monitoring and reporting of new infectious diseases.
in addition, the
should enhance the capacity of primary health care institutions to diagnose new infectious diseases. Zhang Wenhong, director of the infection department at Huashan Hospital affiliated with Fudan University in Shanghai, and head of the Shanghai Xinguan pneumonia medical treatment expert group, wrote that the important revelation of the new crown pneumonia is that the first level of the construction of major hospital systems is to have a department with a strong diagnostic ability for common pathogens.

" should have a strong infectious disease and clinical microbiology system, the establishment of a strong primary hospital prevention and control system.
" in Zhang Wenhong's view, the primary hospital prevention and control system in addition to isolation wards, but also with a solid knowledge of infectious disease prevention and control team, strengthen the first-line hospital disease identification capacity.
perfect management, do a good job of monitoring and research in Niu Junqi's view, the implementation of independent reporting responsibility system for outbreaks is necessary.
experts suggest that we should attach great importance to the monitoring of big data risks in the early stages of unexplained infectious diseases and new infectious diseases, and give full play to the role of big data in the monitoring and early warning role of big data in the emergency management of the prevention and control of such unexplained and newly uncertain infectious diseases.
" management, the CDC system can consider vertical management.
the CDC at all levels to the national control, is conducive to timely and effective response to unexpected situations, is a measure that can be considered.
," Niu Junqi said. on February 27,
, Zhong Nanshan said of the exposure of the new crown pneumonia epidemic: Our CDC (CDC) status is too low, just a technical department, the special status of the CDC has not been paid enough attention to the first-level reporting.
in scientific research, Niu Junqi suggests doing a good job in three aspects.
one is to do a good job of target animal research.
in the last century, large-scale plague occurred in the northeast, after the founding of New China, China has strengthened the monitoring of plague between rats, it basically controls the epidemic of human plague.
", "In the future, we could consider expanding the scope of surveillance to include more natural hosts carrying pathogens that may be infecting humans, such as bats, pangolins, slugs, beavers, etc., in the target animals for monitoring and research."
," Niu Junqi said.
second is the human sentry that monitors spills.
animal virusouts out of the original ecosystem can be understood as overflow events, with such animals more contact with the special population including herders, hunters, farmers, wildlife traffickers, fur workers and so on.
" such as bird flu warning, poultry farmers can be monitored.
," Niu Junqi said. the third
is to monitor the general population.
surveillance of the general population is equivalent to finding and controlling the infected population, and the current epidemiological history survey is at this stage, but it is difficult to do.
" in general, or to find the source of the virus, do a good job of tracing.
" Niu Junqi stressed that in the face of new infectious diseases frequently hit, the control of the border needs to move forward. zhang Wenhong,
: The new coronavirus rediscovery and prevention and control of new infectious diseases in the future 2019, China in the severe acute respiratory syndrome syndrome (SARS) outbreak nearly 18 years later, in Wuhan concentrated incidence of viral pneumonia patients identified a new type of coronavirus.
's initial official report mentioned that as of 8 a.m. on January 3, 2020, 44 cases of patients with the diagnosis of unexplained viral pneumonia were found, of which 11 were severe cases, with the rest of the patients' vital signs generally stable.
at present, influenza, avian influenza, adenovirus infection and other common diseases such as flu, avian influenza, have been ruled out. After
4 d, the expert group published the preliminary results on the pathogen of Wuhan viral pneumonia: as of January 7, 2020, 21 o'clock, the laboratory detected a new type of coronavirus, obtained the whole genome sequence of the virus, a total of 15 positive results of the new coronavirus by nucleic acid testing methods, isolated the virus from a sample of 1 positive patient, a typical coronavirus form under an electron microscope.
the 2002 SARS outbreak to 2003, cases spread across the country and imported to other countries and regions, the number of deaths worldwide reached 774.
compared with this, this time from the discovery of cases to the detection of a new type of transmission of coronavirus, only took less than 2 weeks, no doubt proved that China's new pathogen detection and identification capacity has reached a new stage, won the spread of infectious diseases valuable "golden window period."
WHO later issued a statement saying that "the initial identification of a new virus by Chinese researchers through genetic sequencing of a virus isolated from a sample of a positive patient in a short period of time is a remarkable achievement and demonstrates china's increased capacity to manage new outbreaks".
the new type of coronavirus caused by the detection of pneumonia in Wuhan, to the rapid identification of new viruses, and was recognized by the WHO, this is "a remarkable achievement, indicating that China's ability to manage new outbreaks has been enhanced", but also suggested that the trend of new infectious diseases and prevention and control will appear a series of new characteristics, engaged in infectious diseases and infection prevention and control of the relevant workers should think about this.
first, as diagnostic technology improves, more and more previously neglected infectious diseases will be identified, and similar cases of new infectious diseases may be more concentrated in the future.
from the ability to identify new pathogens, from SARS to the discovery and identification of new coronaviruses in Wuhan, global researchers in the pathogen detection capacity has been significantly improved, mainly due to pathogen detection and identification technology update iteration.
review the discovery process of SARS, mainly based on traditional virus culture technology, electron microscope technology and immunology technology applications.
the discovery of new Bunia virusmainmaines relies mainly on molecular biology techniques, including high-throughput sequencing, whose application began as the main screening technology, but high-throughput sequencing and informatics technology have not yet fully matured and the speed at which a new pathogen can be identified is still limited.
the new coronavirus found in Wuhan is mainly based on mature high-throughput sequencing technology and bioinformatics technology, in a very short period of time to obtain results and enough to announce a new virus gene sequence.
of course follow-up through virus culture and immunology re-determination, is to meet the requirements of the "Koch Principle" :(1) suspect pathogens necessary to announce a new pathogen need to be found in the patient, the pathogen nucleic acid can be detected in the patient's clinical sample;
and the antibody titer of the pathogen increases 4 times in the patient's recovery serum, helping to identify the pathogen.
this time, Chinese researchers "in a short period of time to initially identify a new virus is a remarkable achievement", mainly before the outbreak has been found before the existence of new viruses, indicating that the current disease surveillance technology has been extended to the clinical line, which is essential for early detection of pathogens and take effective prevention and control measures, showing that clinicians have unknowingly begun to walk to the front line of prevention and control, become early warning. the success of
disease control depends on the ability to take immediate action at the beginning of the first round of disease transmission, which is a very important golden window for disease control.
in the event of a second generation of cases, the outbreak will expand exponentially.
therefore, the improvement of diagnostic techniques will lead to the identification of an increasing number of previously neglected infectious diseases at an early stage.
the significance of the application of new technologies for disease prevention and control, is to grasp the "golden window period" of infectious disease prevention and control.
in the future, new coronaviruses may occur periodically in different parts of the world.
SARS appeared in 2002, while Middle East syndrome (MERS) appeared in 2012.
has now found that several known uninfected human coronaviruses are circulating in animals.
more coronaviruses may be detected in the future as monitoring improves.
second, infectious diseases from animal sources will be more common.
animals are a huge reservoir of pathogens.
the challenge of RNA virus infection may become mainstream and normal, but history does not necessarily repeat itself.
each outbreak shows that the polymorphism of the microbial community is an eternal theme.
coronavirus is a large class of viruses, the Chinese Journal of Infectious Diseases in 2014, the 9th issue of the "four new human coronavirus research progress", this very predictable review is worth reading and reference again.
coronavirus is a family of viruses that are widespread in nature and is named for their coronal protrusions on the surface of the virus, like wearing a hat.
coronavirus, a common and ancient family of viruses, was identified in the 1960s.
coronavirus can infect mammals and birds.
coronavirus is a large family, can be divided into alpha, beta, gamma, gamma four categories.
there are six previously known to infect humans, four of which are coronaviruses.