The research direction of the subject of microbiology.

The direction of microbiology China is one of the most abundant microbial resources in the worldMicrobial resource research reflects the level of basic microbial research as the basis of national situation survey, resource conservation, development and sustainable use, biodiversity research and endangered species conservation, and the basis of microbiology disciplines, including microbial molecular biology and biotechnologyResearch in this field will accelerate the study of microbiotic resources investigation, collection and systematic classification to expand microbial species and specimen preservation to establish china's microbial species resource bank to become asia's largest microbial species storage center and Asia's largest microbial specimen museumIn the systematic classification research, new methods, new technologies, new ideas for biodiversity, systematic evolution, microbial ecology research for large-scale screening of functional substances to provide materials of extreme microorganisms and harmful or beneficial microorganisms to crops to gradually become a hot research fieldThe research areas of microbiology include: fungi and lichen, microbial resources, classification, systems, diversity, group genetics and evolution, collaborative metabolic molecular mechanisms, environmental microbiology, industrial microbiology, system biotechnology, microbial physiology, microbial physiology, microbial metabolism, microbial ecology, microbial biochemical engineering, molecular virology, molecular immunologySpecific application Modern clinical microbiology is one of the most important and mature professions in test medicine, which combines clinical medicine, basic medicine and preventive medicineThis emerging discipline requires microbiologists and experimental technicians to work together on four specific tasks: () to make rapid and accurate test reports on microbial specimens in a timely manner to meet clinical needs;This requires clinical microbiologists to not only complete laboratory work but also to complete the relevant clinical work to become infection control and antimicrobial clinical application staff officers and consultantsPathogen diagnosis and ensuring the reliability of clinical specimens: Proper specimen collection is the most important step in the diagnosis of infectious diseasesClinicians are required to properly collect clinical specimens that represent the site of infection and widely use protective swabs, qualified containers and transporting media to avoid microbial death from toxic substances in the specimenFull understanding of the body's normal flora: understanding the normal bacteria group of the human body is a necessary prerequisite for bacterial testing to understand the concept of normal flora, distribution and type conditions pathogenic bacteria and endogenous infections, myogenous disorders and double infection concepts do not separate all specimens of bacteria as pathogenic bacteria can not be caused by normal residential bacteria caused by endogenous infections easily let go, three must combine: separation identification to do qualitative, quantitative and positioning analysis and combined with the diseaseIt is required to determine the selection of the test ingenuity and the appropriate identification test according to the specific conditions of the clinical and specimenTo determine whether isolated bacteria are pathogenic bacteria, conditional pathogenic bacteria, or non-pathogenic bacteria (qualitative) at the same time there must be a rough estimate of the number of bacteria if necessary semi-quantitative and quantitative cultureThe significance of bacteria isolated in the human body is determined by reference to qualitative and quantitative analysis of microorganisms, such as in sterile sites (e.gblood, cerebrospinal fluid) to isolate bacteria regardless of the microorganismandity and quantity is important (location analysis)In the "three-set" analysis must be combined with the disease to observe whether it is consistent with the disease , providing fast and accurate etiology diagnosis: Microbiological testing and antimicrobial sensitivity tests where clinicians provide clinical diagnostic information and appropriate clinical specimens, as far as possible, and as much epidemiological data as possible require timely and comprehensive analysis of test results to provide clinical and accurate etiology diagnosis for appropriate treatment of the patient Although the separation identification of microorganisms is still the gold standard for pathogen testing, the traditional bacteriological identification method based on "live bacteria growth" is slow and cannot adapt to clinical needs based on direct examination of specimens such as morphology, staining, antigen detection and nucleic acid detection (nucleic acid hybridization, and analysis) to detect pathogenic genes (pathogenic island, vitology island) and drug-resistant genes Work as quickly as possible on rapid diagnosis Timely reporting: In order to make laboratory data effectively translated into clinically useful information pathogenic microbial diagnostic reports should implement a three-paragraph reporting system, that is, when the smear or culture positive results appear, when sensitive test results come out and after the final results are reported in a timely manner , strengthen quality control to increase testing projects: Clinical microbiology department must strengthen quality control to ensure that the quality of testing of various specimens for clinical reliable basis and meet clinical needs of various testing projects The current clinical microbiology room should increase the clinical requirements of the inspection project according to the actual situation of the unit some of the project's projects are: ) respiratory samples of bacterial screening and semi-quantitative culture methods; ) respiratory atypical pathogens including chlamydia, mycoplasma and Legionella; ) non-TB mycobacterium culture and drug sensitivity; ) immunosuppression or organ transplant patients special pathogen detection such as cytomegavirus carddisease spores; Rapid detection of invasive fungi and drug sensitivity tests, etc Participating in clinical consultations (i) obtaining clinical information to make timely and accurate microbial reports Clinically infected diseases often involve multiple pathogens without any single trial capable of detecting all potential pathogens Therefore, clinical information is an important reference for selecting the experimental method Clinicians should write down speculative diagnoses of patients when opening test forms so that the experimenters can select reasonable test procedures and test methods and guide the clinical correct collection of appropriate specimens; (b) The interpretation and consultation of the difficult microorganism reports have changed greatly in the pathogen and drug sensitivity spectrum of many infectious diseases, especially hospital infections In the past, rare microorganisms frequently appear on the test report list on the method of drug sensitivity test, the test varieties, the results of the interpretation has also changed a lot Clinicians often have difficulty correctly understanding and using clinical microbiological testing data In the face of this situation, clinical microbiology should actively communicate with the clinical to help solve the difficulties of clinicians in interpreting microbiological tests and drug sensitivity results report inglision It points out the identification and judgment of normal flora, contaminated bacteria and infected bacteria, the significance of rare or rare bacteria, possible causes of negative culture, the criteria and limitations of the results of drug sensitivity tests, and the drug resistance characteristics of special drug-resistant bacteria, etc (3) Set up microbiologists as a bridge between clinical and microbiology departments Many hospitals abroad have clinical microbiologists or testing physicians consultation and consultation system If the test is found to be problematic at the beginning of the test, the testing physician actively and clinically contact to discuss the significance of the smear Every day microbiology doctors and technicians together to see the results of culture and drug sensitivity, especially sputum culture results to check with direct smears to find problems in a timely manner with the ward contact It is recommended that a physician in the Clinical Microbiology Department attend a daily morning meeting in the hospital's infection department, respiratory department or department of infection and return to report the infected patient to the physician of the department Or regularly send physicians to take the relevant test results to participate in some clinical departments of the infection seminar specifically to solve the treatment of infection Such as fixed-point participation, transplant, oncology, neurosurgery, pediatrics and other discussions on blood culture-positive, cerebrospinal fluid test positive or severe burn infection of patient microbiologists to take the initiative to visit the ward to participate in the treatment program discussion For patients with mycobacterium or sepsis, help identify primary causes Clinical microbiologists should record opinions on the medical records if necessary with the clinical supervisor and director Each clinical department may contact the clinical microbiology department for a consultation on the significance of the test report if there is an infection problem Microbiology holds a weekly seminar on infection cases to discuss the situation of infected patients and to exchange the views of the Clinical Microbiology with the Clinical Department Microbiologists are also involved in routine testing and consultation with clinical expertise on microbiology issues Participating in the management of clinical application of antimicrobial drugs The rational application of antimicrobial drugs to reduce or avoid the production of drug-resistant strains is a major problem in the field of anti-infection clinical microbial chamber plays an important role in the rational use of antibiotics First of all, attention should be paid to the etiology diagnosis of infection Clinicians should collect multiple microbiology specimens for bacterial culture and drug sensitivity test microbiology before using antimicrobial drugs to provide clinical rapid and accurate bacterial testing and drug sensitivity results In addition, microbiologists are in close contact with clinicians and involved in patient treatment is an important way to control antibiotic use Microbiologists should be involved in the development of guidelines for the use of antibiotics, education and training, supervision and inspection of hospital medicine committees In this regard, the practice of the Hong Kong Queen Mary Hospital is that the infection monitoring nurse is responsible for visiting infected cases to find that antimicrobial drugs are misused or unreasonablely applied by the Director of Microbiology to the Director of the Department of Science and Technology, the director of the Department of The Department and the parties to obtain better results Involved in the monitoring, control and management of hospital infections China's "Hospital Infection Management Code" clearly states that the inspection department should perform the following duties in hospital infection management: responsible for the monitoring of hospital infection routine microbiology; The roles of clinical microbiology laboratories in the monitoring, control and management of hospital infections include: () strengthening pathogen monitoring as the basis for determining hospital infections; (i) Strengthening surveillance The Clinical Microbiology Department plays an important role in the monitoring of hospital infections by microbiological testing, an inevitable member of the Hospital Infection Control Committee If in clinical microbiological testing found that there is a hospital infection problem should be timely contact with the hospital infection control department, ward doctors and head nurses and pay attention to the development of the dynamics Hospital infections of some special drug-resistant bacteria such as, E coli bacteria, often through cross-infection transmission of courum, Legionella, etc often in air conditioning, water supply systems, atomization devices and lead to infection on the possible carrier of these pathogenic bacteria of the source of routine monitoring and alert ingenuity to the clinical attention can usually effectively prevent spread and save a large number of anti-infection costs Education and training of hospital infectionS The Clinical Microbiology Department shall participate in the education and training of the persons concerned in hospital infection Such as explaining the collection of clinical microbial specimens, preservation, delivery requirements and precautions to the specimen before the requirements should be what should be done to prepare to collect specimens should be selected what time, what part of the day to collect, how much to take and the sampling site should be disinfected and a series of issues to explain; A variety of methods can be used such as lectures, seminars, newsletters, wall newspapers and even participate in the inspection of housing and other forms It can also be integrated into continuing education training programs for hospital infection management (3) Participating in the management of disinfection and isolation The correct guidance and supervision of disinfection and isolation of correct disinfection and isolation technology for the prevention and control of hospital infection is also one of the work of the Clinical Microbiology Department When an outbreak of hospital infection or special drug-resistant bacterial infection occurs, clinical microbiological professionals should participate in the development of disinfection and isolation measures to the relevant personnel management, waste disposal and other aspects of microbial professional advice (iv) Regular publication of bacterial resistance monitoring results is empirical in the selection of antimicrobial drugs for many infectious diseases However, empirical drug use also requires evidence-based medical and epidemiological data It is suggested that the distribution and drug resistance status of common pathogens in key departments such as clinical experience selection of antibiotics and the improvement of the success rate of treatment of severe infections should be greatly helped by the clinical experience of selecting antibiotics and improving the success rate of treatment of severe infections by keeping all pathogen-free and drug-sensitive data in software that regularly publishes the results of bacterial resistance monitoring at any time statistical analysis (5) Control hospital infection by molecular type-by-type technology Commonly used molecular type-type technology has, etc The setting of molecular type-type laboratory in microbial laboratory for conventional classification of resistant bacteria with greater harm and more prevalence is of great significance to the timely detection and control of pathogenic bacteria epidemic Some foreign hospitals practice is to such unusual drug-resistant bacteria once found to carry out molecular typed according to the genotyping to determine the prevalence and scope of the epidemic and take appropriate measures to control the infection For example, a hospital's typed results on strains separated from one patient within a month showed that fourteen of them were one type and other were highly suggested by a type-by-type high indication that a direct link was found among the patients The infection was discontinued by targeted control measures in accordance with these analyses Other hospitals are endemic for infections such as Creebo pneumonia, epidermal staphylococcus, staphylococcus aureus, and sticky sarebacteria, all controlled by molecular dified According to statistics, the cost of setting up a molecular typed laboratory (equipment and personnel) in the microbiology chamber is that the annual cost of molecular classification-related expenditure is assumed that all hospitals (the United States) are routinely conducting molecular type-by-type experiments at a cost of up to US$100 million but the cost of treating hospital infections will be more than double (100 million).