Tumor stomach microbes also "pick and eat"

stomach microorganisms also have different tastes, will "pick food"?
December 1st, the Journal of the International Society for Microbiology and Ecology published the latest results from an international team online. Using research methods such as microbial 16S amplifyers and macrogenome sequencing, they analyzed in depth the "hobby" of soil-species jaundol gastric microorganisms for the degradation of different litopic cellulose feeding plants, and provided new ideas and methods for the research and application of tumor gastric microorganisms and tumor gastric enzymes in the value utilization of wood fiber feed resources.
The team is composed of Ding Xuezhi, a researcher at the Lanzhou Institute of Livestock and Veterinary Medicine of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ghasem Hosseini Salekdeh, a professor at the Iranian Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, and Han Jianlin, a researcher at the Beijing Institute of Livestock and Veterinary Medicine of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences.。 With the increase of human protein intake of high-quality animals and the vigorous development of the global livestock industry, high-quality pasture resources are in great shortage. How to make effective use of all kinds of inferior grass resources and develop and utilize new feed is urgent.
estimates that the world's population will reach 9.7 billion by 2050, when global food production will need to increase by 60-70% from 2018 to meet the steep increase in human demand for food.
Ren Ji Zhou, a member of the Chinese Academy of Engineering, believes that the pressure of grain in China in the future is not from people's rations, but from feed grain, and that the pressure of food for feed should be alleviated in the future by replacing food-consuming livestock with grass-fed livestock. China has a large number of crop by-products, such as straw, can effectively alleviate the development of animal husbandry food and pasture resources supply and demand contradictions.
, the most abundant renewable biomass resource in nature, produces about 200 billion tons of plant fiber each year through photochresctural use, nearly 90 percent of which is not used and a significant portion is disposed of as waste.
, a ruminant tumor stomach, is one of nature's most highly evolved ecosystems with the strongest ability to degrade wood fibers," Han Jianlin, an official, told China Science Daily. A large number of microbial interactions, can effectively use the coarse feed of cellulose, hemiculose and non-protein nitrogen and other components for the body's nutritional needs and meat, milk output.
However, because of the particular complexity of the composition and structure of myoculose cellulose, its degradation requires the synergy of various microorganisms, and at the same time, microbial classification and metabolism are very diverse, the synergy-degradation mechanism between various cellulose enzymes is not clear, thus seriously restricting the development and utilization of myoculose resources.
interestingly, about 70% of the energy needs of ruminant bodies are obtained through the fermentation and degradation of different types of plant fibers by tumor stomach microorganisms. Differences in the number and structure of grass fibers are the key factors affecting the growth and reproduction of tumor gastric cellulose decomposition bacteria, and the attachment of tumor gastric microbiome to feed particles is a key step in its digestion and utilization process, but its attachment and degradation of high cellulose or hemiculose grass is not clear. Ding Xuezhi, author of the paper, told China Science Daily.
It is based on the differences in plant liganic cellulose degradation ability of ruminant gastric bacterial groups, the researchers analyzed the mechanism of action of tumor gastric microbial degradation librococculose and its interaction mechanism with litopic cellulose degradation enzyme by studying the key flora dynamics attached to different high libromin cellulose feeds and the changes in related gene function.The team used the Iranian native Taleshi orchid gastric fistula bull to ferment the commonly rich licinose-rich pastures, including the stems and leaves of mountain tea ratchets, reeds, date palms, broom grasses, straws and salt-horned grasses at different points in time.
Ding Xuezhi introduced, through the 16S amplification of the tumor stomach microbiome attached to these grasses found that the tumor stomach microbiome has obvious adhesion "hobby" to different pastures, wherein the cellulose component significantly affects the attachment of the tumor stomach microbiome, thereby further affecting the efficient degradation and metabolism of the grass in the tumor stomach.
In the first 24 hours of tumor gastric fermentation, the dry matter degradation efficiency was the highest and significantly related to the number of microbiomes of fibrobacteria, unclassified mycobacteria, tumor gastroenterology and helicobacteria genus; The tumor stomach microbiome showed significant differences due to differences in litopic cellulose composition, such as a significant increase in fibrobacteria on the grass with the highest content of neutral washing fibers, while tumor gastrobacteria tended to adhere to grasses with lower ligand content of acid detergents.
, however, with the extension of fermentation time, the diversity of microbiomes attached to the pasture gradually became consistent.
same time, bacteria, fungi and protozoa in ruminant stomachs form a complex symblotic system during the degradation of myocellulose, involving the degradation of plant cell walls.
because of the large number of bacteria and the many metabolic pathways, stomach bacteria dominate the cellulose degradation process.
and tumor stomach fungi play an important role in the degradation of large particles and large fragments of plant fibers.
therefore, the degradation of litopic cellulose by the stomach microorganism is not within the reach of one or both microorganisms, but rather a very complex process of synergy. These theories need to be further tested due to the lack of in-depth study of the microbial interactions of the tumor stomach. Ding Xuezhi said. To further explore the diversity and function of the critical tumor gastric microbiome attached to different litopic cellulose pastures, the team sequenced and assembled 523 unculpted bacteria and 15 unculved paleobacteria with potentially new functions in the tumor stomach.
Ding Xuezhi, they assembled a near-complete genome of mycobacterium, thick-walled bacteria, fibrobacteria, etc., and a collection of genes associated with litopic cellulose polymer degradation and short-chain volatile fatty acid production.
the study's assembled tumor stomach did not culture a whole new species compared to all known species in the public database.
In addition, in the process of tumor gastric fermentation, the physicification characteristics of herbivores and the retention time of feed particles in the tumor stomach are the main factors that determine the gradual transformation of tumor stomach microbial functional flora from co-nutritional groups to olitrophic groups, which may promote the degradation of hard-to-degrade plant librotic cellulose in the complex environment of tumor stomach.
Secondly, the difference in the attachment time of the tumor stomach microbiome to different heptoculose pastures indicates that the tumor stomach microbiome has high classification diversity, functional redundancy and metabolic zoning, which will be beneficial to its evolutionary adaptation to different myocalcin feed.
han Jianlin said the study also delves into unique microbiobiota and related gene functions, which play a key role in the degradation of hard-to-degrade litopic cellulose pastures in the tumor stomach.
Ding Xuezhi stressed that the study has set up a multidisciplinary and multilateral cooperation international platform for the application of the micro-ecological industrialization of ruminant tumors along the Belt and Road, and also provides reference for in-depth excavation and innovation of the use of China's unique local animal species such as yak, buffalo and native Mongolian cattle.
" Through the joint application of macrogenomics, metabolomics and other histological techniques, the anaerobic fermentation of litopic cellulose degradation bacteria in-depth excavation, to obtain the coding of specific enzymes of the target gene, revealing the genetic potential of different animal resources digestive tract microbiome, with a view to genetic engineering to obtain rapid, inexpensive and efficient degradation of libromic cellulose biomass microorganisms and enzyme resources, applied to industrial production. Han Jianlin said. (Source: Li Chen, China Science Journal)
paper Information: