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Video screenshot: Bees like to fall on sunflowers facing east in the morning
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The eastward direction of the sunflower can make the sunflower heat up faster, affect the development of florets, and promote the success of pollination and reproduction
According to a study by researchers at the University of California, Davis, sunflowers face the rising sun because the increased temperature in the morning attracts more bees and also helps plants reproduce more efficiently
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The results of the study were published in the August 9th issue of "New Phytologist"
Stacey Harmer, a professor of plant biology at the University of California’s Davis School of Biological Sciences and the senior author of the paper, said: “They are facing east, which is surprising
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They are best facing east because there are more descendants facing east
As sunflowers grow, their heads will follow the sun before and after the day
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Previous work in Harmer's laboratory has shown that this tracking is controlled by the biological clock inside the plant
But as the flower heads or flower heads mature and their stems become stiff and woody, this movement will decrease until the flower heads all face the morning sun
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When postdoctoral researcher Nicky Creux changed the direction of the sunflower by flipping the flower pot, she noticed that the east-facing flower head attracted more bees, especially in the morning
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In a series of experiments, Harmer and colleagues found that east-facing flowers were significantly warmer in the morning than west-facing flowers
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This warmth brings energy benefits to bees that feed early in the morning, Harmer said
Directional influence on pollen release and flower development
Sunflowers are actually a combination of hundreds, and sometimes even thousands of flowers
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These individual florets first develop on the outer edge of the flower head, forming a unique spiral pattern
The orientation of plants also affects the development and successful reproduction of flowers
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East-facing plants tend to produce larger and heavier seeds
These effects seem to be controlled by the temperature of the flower head
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When the researchers used portable heaters to heat west-facing flowers, they got similar results to east-facing flowers
Finally, Evan Brown, an undergraduate student at the University of Virginia, used sterile male plants that can produce seeds but not pollen, and placed normal plants facing east or west around them
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Through genotyping, they were able to distinguish whether male sterile plants were pollinated by plants facing east or west
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The research team found that pollen from east-facing plants produced more offspring than pollen from west-facing plants
.
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Flower orientation influences floral temperature, pollinator visits and plant fitness
