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Chewing betel nut (BNC) is common in South and Southeast Asia
.
Betel nut is the fourth most addictive consumer product in the world, second only to tobacco, alcohol and coffee
Betel originally blindly for the treatment of parasitic diseases, various gastrointestinal disorders (abdominal dissipated, abdominal pain, digestion adverse drug and diarrhea) and other diseases
.
Modern pharmacology shows that betel nut has a variety of pharmacological properties, including antibacterial, antioxidant, antibacterial, antifungal, antihypertensive, antidepressant, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, anti-allergic, etc.
DigestionDigestion and heart blood vessels of diabetes
Therefore, it is necessary to consider the impact of BNC on health from multiple perspectives, for example, by studying the gut microbiota
.
The intestinal microbiota can affect the health of the host in many ways, and it is also affected by various factors, such as the intestinal microenvironment, mental state, and diet.
This study aims to evaluate the impact of BNC on the host's gut microbiota
This study included 34 subjects who chewed betel nut daily and 37 subjects who had never chewed betel nut from Ledong and Lingshui, Hainan
.
The subjects were grouped by gender (Table 1)
1.
The influence of BNC on the diversity and composition of gut microbes
The influence of BNC on the diversity and composition of gut microbes The influence of BNC on the diversity and composition of gut microbes
The α-diversity analysis showed that the observed species index, Chao1 index, Shannon index, and Simpson index of the BNC group were lower than those of the control group ((P>0.
05) (Figure 1A)
.
The BNC group and the control can be separated on the PLS-DA chart.
The α-diversity analysis showed that the observed species index, Chao1 index, Shannon index, and Simpson index of the BNC group were lower than those of the control group ((P>0.
The dominant phyla in the BNC group were Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria and Proteobacteria, accounting for 99.
Compared with the control group, the abundance of Bacteroides phylum in the BNC group was significantly reduced (S1 table)
At the generic level, BNC fecal microorganisms, Laut coli Blautia, Streptococcus Streptococcus, Faecalibacterium, stomach tumor Lactococcus Ruminococcus_torques_group, lively Ruminococcus Ruminococcus_gnavus_group, Subdoligranulum, Prevotella Prevotella, Bacteroides Bacteroides, Luomubuci bacteria Romboutsia and Collins coli Collinsella highest content (56.
03%) (FIG.
2)
.
03%) (FIG.
2)
.
Lauth coli stomach tumor Cohn lively Ruminococcus Luomubuci bacteria Collins coli
2.
The influence of BNC on female gut microbiota
The influence of BNC on female gut microbiota 2.
The α-diversity analysis showed that there was no significant change in the α-diversity of the BNC female group compared with the female control group (Figure 3A)
.
PLS-DA analysis can separate the female BNC group and the female control group (Figure 3B)
.
At the phylum level, compared with the female control group, the abundance of Firmicutes and Euryarchaeota in the female BNC group was significantly increased (Table 3C)
.
Compared with the female group (4.
35), the ratio (9.
67) of Firmicutes and Bacteroides in the female BNC group increased significantly
.
In addition, compared with the female control group, 5 subjects in the female BNC group had significant changes (Figure 3)
.
The α-diversity analysis showed that there was no significant change in the α-diversity of the BNC female group compared with the female control group (Figure 3A)
.
PLS-DA analysis can separate the female BNC group and the female control group (Figure 3B)
.
At the phylum level, compared with the female control group, the abundance of Firmicutes and Euryarchaeota in the female BNC group was significantly increased (Table 3C)
.
Compared with the female group (4.
35), the ratio (9.
67) of Firmicutes and Bacteroides in the female BNC group increased significantly
.
In addition, compared with the female control group, 5 subjects in the female BNC group had significant changes (Figure 3)
.
Metastats and LEfSe combined analysis showed that compared with the group of women, female BNC Streptococcus group metal abundance and Streptococcaceae Succinivibrionaceae significantly increased, Aerococcus abundance Aerococcaceae significantly decreased (FIG.
4)
.
4)
.
Compared with the group of women, of the genus Streptococcus group Streptococcaceae female BNC and Succinivibrionaceae significantly increased abundance, Aerococcus abundance Aerococcaceae significantly decreased (FIG.
4)
.
Aerococcus
3.
The influence of BNC on male gut microbiota
The influence of BNC on male gut microbiota
The α-diversity analysis showed that there was no significant change in the male BNC group compared with the male control group (Figure 5A)
.
Through PLS-DA analysis, the BNC_Male and Ctr_Male groups can be separated (Figure 5B)
.
At the gate level, the ratio of Actinobacteria and Cyanobacteria in the BNC_Male group is higher than that in the Ctr_Male group (Fig 5C)
.
Compared with the Ctr_Male group (5.
20), the ratio of Firmicutes to bacteroidetes (9.
39) in the BNC_Male group increased significantly
.
Compared with the Ctr_Male group, the 9 subjects in the BNC_Male group changed significantly (Figure 5D)
.
Compared with the Ctr_Male group, the abundance of 4 genera in the BNC_Male group increased significantly, and the abundance of the other 12 genera decreased significantly (S3 Table)
.
The combined analysis of Metastats and LEfSe showed that compared with the Ctr_Male group, the abundance of Kelibacteria and Rhizobaceae in the BNC_Male group was significantly increased (Figure 6)
.
.
At the gate level, the ratio of Actinobacteria and Cyanobacteria in the BNC_Male group is higher than that in the Ctr_Male group (Fig 5C)
.
Compared with the Ctr_Male group (5.
20), the ratio of Firmicutes to bacteroidetes (9.
39) in the BNC_Male group increased significantly
.
Compared with the Ctr_Male group, the 9 subjects in the BNC_Male group changed significantly (Figure 5D)
.
Compared with the Ctr_Male group, the abundance of 4 genera in the BNC_Male group increased significantly, and the abundance of the other 12 genera decreased significantly (S3 Table)
.
The combined analysis of Metastats and LEfSe showed that compared with the Ctr_Male group, the abundance of Kelibacteria and Rhizobaceae in the BNC_Male group was significantly increased (Figure 6)
.
4.
Changes in microbial function
Changes in microbial functions
Use picrust2 to predict metabolic pathways and determine changes in microbial function
.
47, 17, and 27 pathways were identified in the BNC, BNC_Male, and BNC_Female groups, respectively (Figure 7)
.
BNC involves a total of 54 pathways, which are involved in the metabolism of various substances (Figure 7)
.
Compared with the Ctr group, the number of lipid metabolism pathways in the BNC group was significantly increased, such as mevalonate pathway I and parallel inoculation biosynthesis
.
Compared with the Ctr group, the synthesis of vitamins, especially vitamin B1, in the BNC group was significantly reduced
.
Compared with the Ctr group, the number of amino acid synthesis pathways in the BNC group (such as the super pathways of L-histamine degradation I and polyamine biosynthesis II) L-tryptophan biosynthesis, sulfate assimilation and cysteine biosynthesis , L-tyrosine biosynthesis and L-phenylalanine biosynthesis are significantly reduced, while amino acid degradation (L-arginine degradation (Stickland reaction) and aromatic biological pathogenic amine degradation (bacteria) pathways significantly reduced the number of significant increase
.
compared with Ctr group, BNC group carbohydrate degradation pathway (glycolysis V, III degradation sucrose, lactose and galactose degradation I, butanol, glycerol degradation) significantly increased the number, and the TCA cycle pathway (TCA , TCA cycle V and incomplete reduction of TCA) were significantly reduced
.
In addition, compared with the Ctr group, the number of nucleotide metabolism pathways (biosynthesis and degradation) in the BNC group was significantly increased
.
.
47, 17, and 27 pathways were identified in the BNC, BNC_Male, and BNC_Female groups, respectively (Figure 7)
.
BNC involves a total of 54 pathways, which are involved in the metabolism of various substances (Figure 7)
.
Compared with the Ctr group, the number of lipid metabolism pathways in the BNC group was significantly increased, such as mevalonate pathway I and parallel inoculation biosynthesis
.
Compared with the Ctr group, the synthesis of vitamins, especially vitamin B1, in the BNC group was significantly reduced
.
Compared with the Ctr group, the number of amino acid synthesis pathways in the BNC group (such as the super pathways of L-histamine degradation I and polyamine biosynthesis II) L-tryptophan biosynthesis, sulfate assimilation and cysteine biosynthesis , L-tyrosine biosynthesis and L-phenylalanine biosynthesis are significantly reduced, while amino acid degradation (L-arginine degradation (Stickland reaction) and aromatic biological pathogenic amine degradation (bacteria) pathways significantly reduced the number of significant increase
.
compared with Ctr group, BNC group carbohydrate degradation pathway (glycolysis V, III degradation sucrose, lactose and galactose degradation I, butanol, glycerol degradation) significantly increased the number, and the TCA cycle pathway (TCA , TCA cycle V and incomplete reduction of TCA) were significantly reduced
.
In addition, compared with the Ctr group, the number of nucleotide metabolism pathways (biosynthesis and degradation) in the BNC group was significantly increased
.
In summary, BNC reduces the α-diversity of microorganisms
.
Compared with the control group, BNC significantly affected the level of bacteria, including increasing the ratio of Firmicutes and Bacteroides
.
At the family level, BNC can increase potential beneficial microorganisms and reduce disease-related microorganisms in the host
.
It was also found that BNC also increased the abundance of some disease-related microorganisms
.
Function predictions show that BNC significantly affects the metabolism of many substances (carbohydrates, vitamins, lipids, and amino acids), leading to changes in metabolites, which in turn affects the health of the host
.
Therefore, by studying the intestinal flora and analyzing the possible effects of BNC on human health, it is found that the effects of BNC are two-way
.
It is necessary to conduct further research on betel nut.
Extracting the prebiotic components of betel nut can improve the beneficial value of betel nut
.
.
Compared with the control group, BNC significantly affected the level of bacteria, including increasing the ratio of Firmicutes and Bacteroides
.
At the family level, BNC can increase potential beneficial microorganisms and reduce disease-related microorganisms in the host
.
It was also found that BNC also increased the abundance of some disease-related microorganisms
.
It was also found that BNC also increased the abundance of some disease-related microorganisms
.
Function predictions show that BNC significantly affects the metabolism of a variety of substances (carbohydrates, vitamins, lipids and amino acids), leading to changes in metabolites, which in turn affects the health of the host
.
Therefore, by studying the intestinal flora and analyzing the possible effects of BNC on human health, it is found that the effects of BNC are two-way
.
Through research on the intestinal flora and analysis of the possible effects of BNC on human health, it is found that the effects of BNC are two-way
.
It is necessary to conduct further research on betel nut.
Extracting the prebiotic components of betel nut can improve the beneficial value of betel nut
.
It is necessary to conduct further research on betel nut.
Extracting the prebiotic components of betel nut can improve the beneficial value of betel nut
.
Original source:
Li Ying,et al.
Effect of chewing betel nut on the gut microbiota of Hainanese
PLOS ONE | https://doi.
org/10.
1371/journal.
pone.
0258489 October 14, 2021
