The paper's picks that severe peanut allergies may be "intestinal instinctive reactions"; neither natural nor related to parenting: fruit fly sex originates from neurodevelopment.

A new study of 19 patients with peanut allergy found that they have a large number of allergenic immunoglobulin E (IGE) antibodies in their intestines, which provides valuable clues for the mechanism of severe allergy to peanuts and other foods.up to 6% of people in the United States are affected by this allergy.this paper, published in science immunology and accompanied by an article published in the perspective column of science, examined IgE producing B cell samples from intestinal tissues of study participants, who are starting clinical trials of oral peanut protein immunotherapy.the researchers found that through a process called class switching recombination (CSR), the antibody producing B cells in the intestine may convert harmless antibodies targeting peanut into IgE.these results suggest that targeted prevention of CSR in the gut may be a promising treatment.more importantly, by defining and localizing IgE antibody types in more allergenic foods, such as shellfish and woody nuts, scientists can better track patients' response to treatment for these types of allergies, the authors said.from mild inflammation to life-threatening allergic reactions, allergic reactions to food vary widely, depending on which antibody binds to food antigens.for example, when IgG binds to peanut protein, it is harmless, but when combined with IgE, it can cause allergic reactions.few studies have examined IgE producing B cells in tissues of patients with food allergies, in part because of the difficulty of sampling these tissues and the short duration of IgE.Ramona HOH and colleagues explored routine biopsies of 19 patients before starting oral peanut protein immunotherapy. They sequenced the antibody genes of plasma cells of B cell lines in stomach, duodenum and esophagus.they found a large number of IgE producing plasma cells in the stomach and duodenum of these patients.many patients share similar peanut reactive IgE DNA sequences, suggesting that the immune system of different individuals will recognize peanut protein in a similar way.HOH et al. Also found that there were multiple IgE coding sequences in other antibodies in the same intestinal tissue, suggesting that plasma cells in intestinal environment may undergo CSR to produce IgE.in the relevant perspective articles in science, Duane Wesemann and Cathryn Nagler proposed that the identification of which intestinal environmental characteristics are conducive to the generation of CSR of IgE (and what changes in the production of IgE in the intestinal tract after oral immunotherapy) should be a priority issue in future research.science will host a Facebook live event on March 26, 2020, focusing on research by HOH et al. And the broader peanut allergy problem.journalists and the public are welcome to participate in the event and ask experts questions.(webpage:) neither natural nor nurturing: the personality behavior of Drosophila originates from neurodevelopment. New research on the "walking route" of Drosophila has found that although some flies roam freely, others prefer to be regular and less biased. these behavioral quirks in Drosophila individuals may be the product of random changes in neural circuit connections during the development of Drosophila. according to the authors, the internal chaos of normal neurodevelopment is the key to the generation of behavioral diversity in genetically similar populations, while similar mechanisms may exist in other species (including humans). many of our understanding of the origin of personalized animal behavior is dominated by the paradigms of "nature" (i.e., inherited genomes are the driving factors) and "Nurturing" (i.e., experience and environment are the driving factors). however, in almost all animals, unique behavioral traits are as common as variations in the natural development of brain anatomy, even among genetically equivalent individuals. whether the differences in individual brain development can predict individual behavior remains to be explored. linneweber and colleagues described the non hereditary neurodevelopmental origin of behavioral traits in Drosophila Drosophila. when the walking route was prescribed, some of the free walking flies tended to walk with little bias, while others tended to walk slowly. linneweber et al. Showed how individual differences in the connections of a group of visual system neurons called dorsal cluster neurons (DCN) lead to personalized behavior in Drosophila walking routes. random changes in DCN development result in a unique asymmetry of brain circuits in each Drosophila, which can significantly guide their behavior. these results indicate that flies with more asymmetric DCN connections are more route oriented and therefore exhibit more straight route behavior. this work established a link between random neural variation and animal behavior. it is the first time to observe the chaotic motion in 3D liquid crystal for the first time. A new research provides an opportunity to watch the dynamic 3D liquid crystal system and its chaotic motion. Before that, the research on it was mainly carried out through theory and simulation. Denis Bartolo said in the relevant perspective article that by synthesizing and characterizing 3D active compounds, this research has set two major milestones in this field and provided a "powerful experimental platform" for future observation of complex active substances. active substances can be defined as any system, from birds to artificial particles - in response to input energy - they can form large ordered regions through local interaction. in order to better understand and capture the dynamics of active compounds in the laboratory, scientists have studied a kind of rod-shaped molecules called nematic liquid crystals, which tend to point in the same direction as the whole, but can also face structural turbulence by forming defects. when constrained by flow, the defect lines in the active substance will grow, pinch or contract through a kind of energy source. although well understood in theory, it is challenging to observe 3D active nematic phases at high temporal resolution because molecules are usually too small to be seen, and they move too fast to be tracked in a considerable volume of space. now Guillaume Duclos and colleagues have created a 3D nematic system using phage virus particles (which provide a rigid rod for nematic phase at room temperature) and microtubules (which can provide energy to generate flow throughout the sample). using a polarizing microscope, researchers can quickly scan the nematic material to track the movement of defects in real time. from this, they found that the excitation of 3D nematic phase is mainly the misorientation lines and loops (including those in the shape of M ü BIUs band), which can nucleate, contract, open and merge. the findings may one day help promote the practical application of smart active materials. porin like proteins can smuggle nutrients (possibly including drugs) through the waxy defensive cell walls of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The researchers have explained how slow-growing tuberculosis bacteria get nutrients across the membrane without being harmed by drugs against them; the researchers reported a porin like egg in the bacterium's well-known tough, waxy outer layer The white family plays an important role in it. these results provide valuable new insights that can be used in the development of new TB drugs. Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection is the cause of tuberculosis, and its treatment difficulty is well known. the pathogen is highly resistant to antibiotic therapy and to ruthless attacks organized by the host immune system. like other slow-growing mycobacteria, Mycobacterium tuberculosis is encapsulated in a unique wax like outer membrane, making the pathogen persist in the hostile environment of the human body. although most of the small molecules can hardly penetrate the outer layer of the armor, the necessary nutrients can still slip through the wax like defense layer of the bacterial cell. however, how this happens remains a mystery, but once the channels involved are identified, manipulating them can provide a way to enhance the sensitivity of the pathogen to antibiotics. in evaluating a simple molecule that is particularly effective in killing Mycobacterium tuberculosis, quiglan Wang and his colleagues found a unique effect of PE / PPE, a large family of Mycobacterium specific proteins associated with the pathogen's in vitro envelope and virulence. although the function of PE / PPE proteins has always been a mystery, they have long been considered to be critical to the virulence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. using small molecule inhibitors and gene manipulation, Wang et al. Concluded that several PE / pee proteins act as porins or porins. They can transport vital nutrients across the wax cell wall of bacterial cells, so that Mycobacterium tuberculosis can survive and spread under the siege of antibiotics. dear readers, if you think the article is good, please share the circle of friends for more people to see. for more information about science, please pay attention to us. / / special report on new coronavirus / / March 4: Indonesia reports the first case of new coronavirus, and scientists are worried that more cases have not been found ｜ Science News March 3: who delegation: China's positive measures effectively limit the spread of new coronavirus, but these measures may not be applicable in other countries Novel coronavirus pneumonia is a trend which cannot be halted. The statistics are accurate, disease control and emergency changes in food and drug administration. 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