What are the adverse reactions of common immunosuppressants?

We all know that under normal circumstances, the body'simmunefunction is maintained in a balanced state,immuneis not higher the better, immunity is too strong will cause damage to the body, immunity is too weak to receive the outside harmful substances, autoimmune diseases such as rheumatism is due to autoimmune expression abnormalities, the body's normal tissue as an attack object; After organ transplantation, due to the presence of the human immune system, the transplant will have a rejection response, we need to reduce the immune system's attack on foreign grafts;thus, immune inhibitors are the body's immune response has a inhibitory effect of the drug, can inhibit the immune response related to the proliferation and function of cells, reduce inflammation, reduce organ damageAt present,commonly used immunosuppressants in clinicalinclude the following:1glucocorticoidsglucocorticoids are the most commonly used immunosuppressants inclinical, which are often referred to as "hormones", such as pernison, dexamethasone, metabolin, etcHormones are nonspecific anti-inflammatory drugs, which are widely used and are still the first-line drugs in the basic immunosuppressive program clinically for those patients with strong immune responseand and heavy inflammation, the use of hormones can have an "immediate" effect But hormone is a "double-edged sword", it has good clinical results at the same time there are a wide range of side effects osteoporosis , elevated blood sugar, body gain, digestive ulcers are the most common adverse reactions to hormones these adverse reactions usually occur in patients who use hormones in large doses for a long time, so doctors will closely observe the condition when using hormones, once the condition will be alleviated in time to reduce or deactivate hormones, and in order to minimize adverse reactions, physicians often use hormones during the use of calcium, gastric and other treatment 2 Cyclophosphamide cyclophosphamide belongs to the cytotoxic drug, is a strong immunosuppressant, it can directly kill immune cells, immune suppression is stronger, faster, but the side effects are relatively large common adverse reactions are: (1) bone marrow suppression, showing white blood cells, red blood cells, platelets drop, 10-14 days after the drug is most obvious; Effective prevention ;(4) fertility impaired function, which is one of the main concerns of many young patients who have not fertility using cyclophosphamide, mainly manifested in menstrual disorders, sperm less or infertility, pregnancy, pregnancy and lactation need to be deactivated ; so that during the use of such drugs, doctors will ask patients to re-visit blood routines and liver and kidney function more frequently in order to adjust the drug in a timely manner 3 cyclosporine and tamosis cyclosporine and psoriasis are calcium phosphatase inhibitors, renal toxicity is one of the main side effects of such drugs and increases with the increase in doses Other common adverse reactions include of hypertension, hyperlipidemia, high blood sugar, and adverse reactions to intestinal the incidence of cyclosporine caused by hepatotoxicity and hyperlipidemia was slightly higher than that of taquemus, however, taquemots is more insulin-resistant and more likely to cause abnormal sugar tolerance Liver and kidney function, lipids and blood sugar must be monitored during administration, and consult a physician or pharmacist when combining with other medications cyclosporine and other grams of molycal blood concentration have a great relationship with the occurrence of adverse reactions, so concentration monitoring is an important link in taking such drugs 4.For Mc Cophenol
? The drug causes diarrhea, nausea, vomiting and other adverse reactions have a high incidence, serious intolerance even need to replace the treatment drug another common adverse reaction is bone marrow suppression, including anemia, white blood cell reduction, and platelet reduction A small number of patients may also experience elevated liver enzymes or causing opportunistic infection methotrexate methotrexate is the preferred drug for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, the drug is mainly toxic to pluriphary cells, and the human body's hematopoietic system and digestive mucosa epithelial cell renewal rate is the highest, so methotrexate side effects are mainly in bone marrow inhibition and digestive tract for digestive tract symptoms can be reduced or added folic acid, eating porridge and drinking water to improve, severe bone marrow suppression needs to immediately stop medicine and contact a physician to deal with 6 thiopental in large doses and medication for too long can have severe bone marrow suppression, which can lead to a decrease in granulocytic cells, and even regenerative anemia, increasing the susceptibility of bacteria, viruses and fungi infection 7 Leflunotrit leflunomide is a synthetic drug, the common adverse reactions are mainly diarrhea, itching, reversible liver enzyme rise, hair loss, rash and so on 8 Hydroxychloroquine oxychloroquine is currently mainly used for autoimmune diseases, the most common adverse reactions are retinal pigmentation changes and vision loss, in which some patients receiving long-term or high-dose treatment have observed irreversible retinal damage, the use of this medicine should be the first and regular (1 month) eye examination 9 Biologics: Antibody In recent years, biologics with monoclonal antibodies as the main body have become a hot research topic, including rituxima, antithorade syllone immunoglobulin, monoclonal anti-T antibodies, etc Such drugs may have a serious infusion reaction, 30 minutes to 6 hours after the first use of the drug may appear obvious chills, breathing difficulties, nausea, vomiting and diarrhea and blood pressure changes and other symptoms, after 2-3 days of medication symptoms will gradually reduce, in order to reduce the reaction, by reducing the speed of infusion or half an hour before the use of hydrogenated pine, antihistamines to stop with the development of medicine, various new immunosuppressants have been applied to the clinic The effects and adverse reactions of each immunosuppressant are different Immune inhibitors, while the side effects look daunting, are accurate and are safe under the guidance of an experienced physician we have to do is to actively cooperate with the doctor, and doctors to establish good communication, regular review, timely medication after the symptoms of the doctor, so as to effectively control the disease at the same time to reduce the appearance of adverse reactions author: Zhang Wenxuan, Xu Weiyang Source: Shanghai Pharmaceutical News