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Source: Pixabay.
com Written by Xinlei Yan | Edited by Ji Yongsheng ● ● ●Timely repair of tissues after injury is vital to the recovery of tissues and organs.
The intestinal mucosa is an important tissue for the human body to absorb nutrients, and the environment in which it is located is also extremely complex.
Damage to the intestinal mucosa often turns into chronic inflammation due to continuous stimulation of the contents.
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic inflammatory disease that affects the gastrointestinal tract.
It can have recurring attacks.
It is mainly divided into ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease.
CD), some patients may even become cancerous.
At present, the etiology and pathogenesis of IBD have not been fully elucidated.
The latest research shows that the microbial composition and its metabolites in the intestinal environment are related to the pathogenesis of IBD [1].
On March 12, 2021, a research team led by Thaddeus S Stappenbeck, a professor in the Department of Pathology and Immunology at the Cleveland Clinic in the United States, published an article in the journal Science stating that a kind of The fungus of Debaryomyces hansenii will accumulate in the damaged part of the intestinal mucosa and inhibit wound healing [2].
It is worth mentioning that this yeast is widely present in our daily diet (such as cheese and processed meat products).
"We discovered an infectious ingredient involved in Crohn's disease (an inflammatory bowel disease).
It is a yeast used in the food industry, called Debaryomyces hansenii.
It can specifically infect Crohn's disease .
The patient’s non-healing wound site and persists. In animal experiments, Debaryomyces hansenii inhibited the repair of intestinal mucosal damage.
We believe that a similar mechanism exists in patients with Crohn's disease.
The corresponding author of the paper, Sardis S.
Stapenbeck, said in an interview with "Intellectuals.
" When the
clinical symptoms of IBD worsen, patients often take antibiotics to prevent pathogens from entering the blood.
In this study, the researchers first focused on health.
The mice were continuously administered broad-spectrum antibiotics (vancomycin, neomycin, ampicillin, and metronidazole, or VNAM) for 4 weeks, and then artificially caused damage to the intestinal mucosa of the mice, and the progress of damage repair was detected.
The
results showed , The length of the intestinal wound of the mice taking antibiotics was significantly longer than that of the mice not taking the medicine.
Interestingly, if the mice took the broad-spectrum antibiotics and took the antifungal drug amphotericin B for a period of time before the intestinal damage occurred, Man-made intestinal wounds will heal significantly.
This suggests that the cause of the intestinal wounds in mice is difficult to heal is probably due to the presence of fungi.
Figure 1.
Amphotericin B reduces the damage of intestinal wounds in mice pretreated with VNAM ( Source: Reference [2]) There are countless types of fungi.
What kind of fungus is at work? Subsequently, the researchers collected microorganisms from the mucosal lesions of the mouse intestines and cultured them.
After sequencing, they found one in the wound.
The fungus that aggregates and is almost undetectable in the normal intestinal mucosa is Debaryomyces.
Through further sequencing, the researchers revealed its true face: Debaryomyces hansenii.
Figure 2.
Debaryomyces hansenii is rich in mucosal lesions of mice.
(Source: Reference [2]) Debaryomyces hansenii is a commercial auxiliary starter, mainly used for fermenting cheese and sausages.
And other food [3].
Researchers administer Debaryomyces hansenii to mice under normal feeding conditions (without antibiotics), causing a large number of bacteria in the intestines, and then artificially causing mucosal damage.
The
results show that Hansen Debary Yeast still exists in large quantities in the wounds of the intestinal mucosa.
Generally speaking, intestinal pathogens are opportunistic pathogens, which only show pathogenicity when people's immunity is low.
This experiment shows that when mice are healthy, as long as there are yeast and wounds in the intestines, they may cause disease and cause wounds to not heal.
Figure 3.
Debaryomyces hansenii inhibits the repair of intestinal mucosal damage in mice on a normal diet.
(Source: Reference [2]) Since the wound does not heal and is chronic inflammation, there should be inflammatory cells in the wound.
Indeed, the researchers isolated the cells in the wound and found that the number of macrophages was the largest, and Debaryomyces hansenii was present in the cells of these macrophages.
We can understand that macrophages rush to the non-healing wound to remove Debaryomyces hansenii.
Figure 4.
Debaryomyces hansenii causes a surge in the number of macrophages in the wound.
(Source: Reference [2]) If inflammatory cells are found, how does it cause wounds to heal difficultly? The researchers found that whether it was in the hard-to-heal wound tissue caused by Debaryomyces hansenii or the macrophages in it, a chemokine called CCL5 expressed the highest level, and after mice lacked the CCL5 gene, Hansende The non-healing of wounds caused by Barryomyces cerevisiae will be significantly improved.
Figure 5.
CCL5 plays an important role in the difficult healing of intestinal wounds caused by Debaryomyces hansenii (Source: Reference [2]) The above experiments were performed in mice.
So, does Debaryomyces hansenii also exist in the intestines of patients with IBD? Researchers obtained ileal biopsy samples from 7 Crohn's disease patients and 10 healthy volunteers, and then ground them for fungal culture.
Sure enough, Debaryomyces hansenii was present in all samples provided by Crohn's disease patients, and it was mainly concentrated in the mucosal lesions, while such fungi were not detected in healthy people.
More importantly, the mouse experiment was repeated with Debaryomyces hansenii isolated from patients with Crohn's disease, and the results of intestinal mucosal wounds were also difficult to heal.
Figure 6.
Debaryomyces hansenii was detected in the intestinal biopsy of a patient with Crohn's disease. (Source: Reference [2]) To sum up, we may consume Debaryomyces hansenii in our daily diet, but as long as our intestinal mucosa is intact, this fungus will not grow and proliferate.
The intestinal tract exists for a short time; but if the intestinal mucosa is damaged and antibiotics are taken to inhibit other flora or ingest a large amount of Debaryomyces hansenii, then Debaryomyces hansenii has the opportunity to contact the macrophages in the wound, and "Settle home" here to prevent wound healing and cause chronic inflammation.
Figure 7.
Debaryomyces hansenii inhibits healing of damaged parts of the intestine.
(Source: Reference [4]) University of Utah professors Tyson Chiaro (Tyson Chiaro) and June L.
Round (June L.
Round) published opinions in the same period "Science" magazine, saying that the study suggested that Provide specific dietary strategies for IBD patients to prevent Debaryomyces hansenii from multiplying in the intestinal injury site.
At the same time, for people with chronic intestinal inflammation, the use of antibiotics should be more cautious.
Reference: (Swipe up and down to browse) [1]Lloyd-Price, J.
, Arze, C.
, Ananthakrishnan, AN et al.
Multi-omics of the gut microbial ecosystem in inflammatory bowel diseases.
Nature 569, 655–662 ( 2019).
https://doi.
org/10.
1038/s41586-019-1237-9[2]Jain U, Ver Heul1 AM, Xiong SS, et al.
Debaryomyces is enriched in Crohn's disease intestinal tissue and impairs healing in mice.
Science, 2021, 371(6534): 1154-1159.
[3]Pham NP, Landaud S, Lieben P, et al.
Transcription Profiling Reveals Cooperative Metabolic Interactions in a Microbial Cheese-Ripening Community Composed of Debaryomyces hansenii, Brevibacterium aurantiacum, and Hafnia alvei.
Frontiers in microbiology, 2019, 10.
DOI: 10.
3389/fmicb.
2019.
01901[4]Tyson Chiaro and June L.
Round.
Fungi prevent intestinal healing.
Science, 2021, 371.
10.
1126/science.
abg6017 Plate Editor | Luca END
com Written by Xinlei Yan | Edited by Ji Yongsheng ● ● ●Timely repair of tissues after injury is vital to the recovery of tissues and organs.
The intestinal mucosa is an important tissue for the human body to absorb nutrients, and the environment in which it is located is also extremely complex.
Damage to the intestinal mucosa often turns into chronic inflammation due to continuous stimulation of the contents.
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic inflammatory disease that affects the gastrointestinal tract.
It can have recurring attacks.
It is mainly divided into ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease.
CD), some patients may even become cancerous.
At present, the etiology and pathogenesis of IBD have not been fully elucidated.
The latest research shows that the microbial composition and its metabolites in the intestinal environment are related to the pathogenesis of IBD [1].
On March 12, 2021, a research team led by Thaddeus S Stappenbeck, a professor in the Department of Pathology and Immunology at the Cleveland Clinic in the United States, published an article in the journal Science stating that a kind of The fungus of Debaryomyces hansenii will accumulate in the damaged part of the intestinal mucosa and inhibit wound healing [2].
It is worth mentioning that this yeast is widely present in our daily diet (such as cheese and processed meat products).
"We discovered an infectious ingredient involved in Crohn's disease (an inflammatory bowel disease).
It is a yeast used in the food industry, called Debaryomyces hansenii.
It can specifically infect Crohn's disease .
The patient’s non-healing wound site and persists. In animal experiments, Debaryomyces hansenii inhibited the repair of intestinal mucosal damage.
We believe that a similar mechanism exists in patients with Crohn's disease.
The corresponding author of the paper, Sardis S.
Stapenbeck, said in an interview with "Intellectuals.
" When the
clinical symptoms of IBD worsen, patients often take antibiotics to prevent pathogens from entering the blood.
In this study, the researchers first focused on health.
The mice were continuously administered broad-spectrum antibiotics (vancomycin, neomycin, ampicillin, and metronidazole, or VNAM) for 4 weeks, and then artificially caused damage to the intestinal mucosa of the mice, and the progress of damage repair was detected.
The
results showed , The length of the intestinal wound of the mice taking antibiotics was significantly longer than that of the mice not taking the medicine.
Interestingly, if the mice took the broad-spectrum antibiotics and took the antifungal drug amphotericin B for a period of time before the intestinal damage occurred, Man-made intestinal wounds will heal significantly.
This suggests that the cause of the intestinal wounds in mice is difficult to heal is probably due to the presence of fungi.
Figure 1.
Amphotericin B reduces the damage of intestinal wounds in mice pretreated with VNAM ( Source: Reference [2]) There are countless types of fungi.
What kind of fungus is at work? Subsequently, the researchers collected microorganisms from the mucosal lesions of the mouse intestines and cultured them.
After sequencing, they found one in the wound.
The fungus that aggregates and is almost undetectable in the normal intestinal mucosa is Debaryomyces.
Through further sequencing, the researchers revealed its true face: Debaryomyces hansenii.
Figure 2.
Debaryomyces hansenii is rich in mucosal lesions of mice.
(Source: Reference [2]) Debaryomyces hansenii is a commercial auxiliary starter, mainly used for fermenting cheese and sausages.
And other food [3].
Researchers administer Debaryomyces hansenii to mice under normal feeding conditions (without antibiotics), causing a large number of bacteria in the intestines, and then artificially causing mucosal damage.
The
results show that Hansen Debary Yeast still exists in large quantities in the wounds of the intestinal mucosa.
Generally speaking, intestinal pathogens are opportunistic pathogens, which only show pathogenicity when people's immunity is low.
This experiment shows that when mice are healthy, as long as there are yeast and wounds in the intestines, they may cause disease and cause wounds to not heal.
Figure 3.
Debaryomyces hansenii inhibits the repair of intestinal mucosal damage in mice on a normal diet.
(Source: Reference [2]) Since the wound does not heal and is chronic inflammation, there should be inflammatory cells in the wound.
Indeed, the researchers isolated the cells in the wound and found that the number of macrophages was the largest, and Debaryomyces hansenii was present in the cells of these macrophages.
We can understand that macrophages rush to the non-healing wound to remove Debaryomyces hansenii.
Figure 4.
Debaryomyces hansenii causes a surge in the number of macrophages in the wound.
(Source: Reference [2]) If inflammatory cells are found, how does it cause wounds to heal difficultly? The researchers found that whether it was in the hard-to-heal wound tissue caused by Debaryomyces hansenii or the macrophages in it, a chemokine called CCL5 expressed the highest level, and after mice lacked the CCL5 gene, Hansende The non-healing of wounds caused by Barryomyces cerevisiae will be significantly improved.
Figure 5.
CCL5 plays an important role in the difficult healing of intestinal wounds caused by Debaryomyces hansenii (Source: Reference [2]) The above experiments were performed in mice.
So, does Debaryomyces hansenii also exist in the intestines of patients with IBD? Researchers obtained ileal biopsy samples from 7 Crohn's disease patients and 10 healthy volunteers, and then ground them for fungal culture.
Sure enough, Debaryomyces hansenii was present in all samples provided by Crohn's disease patients, and it was mainly concentrated in the mucosal lesions, while such fungi were not detected in healthy people.
More importantly, the mouse experiment was repeated with Debaryomyces hansenii isolated from patients with Crohn's disease, and the results of intestinal mucosal wounds were also difficult to heal.
Figure 6.
Debaryomyces hansenii was detected in the intestinal biopsy of a patient with Crohn's disease. (Source: Reference [2]) To sum up, we may consume Debaryomyces hansenii in our daily diet, but as long as our intestinal mucosa is intact, this fungus will not grow and proliferate.
The intestinal tract exists for a short time; but if the intestinal mucosa is damaged and antibiotics are taken to inhibit other flora or ingest a large amount of Debaryomyces hansenii, then Debaryomyces hansenii has the opportunity to contact the macrophages in the wound, and "Settle home" here to prevent wound healing and cause chronic inflammation.
Figure 7.
Debaryomyces hansenii inhibits healing of damaged parts of the intestine.
(Source: Reference [4]) University of Utah professors Tyson Chiaro (Tyson Chiaro) and June L.
Round (June L.
Round) published opinions in the same period "Science" magazine, saying that the study suggested that Provide specific dietary strategies for IBD patients to prevent Debaryomyces hansenii from multiplying in the intestinal injury site.
At the same time, for people with chronic intestinal inflammation, the use of antibiotics should be more cautious.
Reference: (Swipe up and down to browse) [1]Lloyd-Price, J.
, Arze, C.
, Ananthakrishnan, AN et al.
Multi-omics of the gut microbial ecosystem in inflammatory bowel diseases.
Nature 569, 655–662 ( 2019).
https://doi.
org/10.
1038/s41586-019-1237-9[2]Jain U, Ver Heul1 AM, Xiong SS, et al.
Debaryomyces is enriched in Crohn's disease intestinal tissue and impairs healing in mice.
Science, 2021, 371(6534): 1154-1159.
[3]Pham NP, Landaud S, Lieben P, et al.
Transcription Profiling Reveals Cooperative Metabolic Interactions in a Microbial Cheese-Ripening Community Composed of Debaryomyces hansenii, Brevibacterium aurantiacum, and Hafnia alvei.
Frontiers in microbiology, 2019, 10.
DOI: 10.
3389/fmicb.
2019.
01901[4]Tyson Chiaro and June L.
Round.
Fungi prevent intestinal healing.
Science, 2021, 371.
10.
1126/science.
abg6017 Plate Editor | Luca END
