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Clostridium difficile Toxinotyping
Time of Update: 2021-02-19
Strains with changes in PaLoc are defined as variant toxinotypes and currently 27 such groups are recognized (I to XXVII).
Toxinotype 0 includes strains with PaLoc identical to the reference laboratory strain VPI 10463.
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Adenovirus DNA Packaging: Construction and Analysis of Viral Mutants
Time of Update: 2021-02-19
The adenovirus particle contains minimally 12 distinct virus-encoded proteins ( 1 ) (the structural proteins: hexon, penton, fiber, IIIa, VI, VIII, and IX; the core proteins: V, VII and μ; and the nonstructural proteins: proteinase and terminal protein).
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Novel Approach in the Biosynthesis of Functional Carotenoids in Escherichia coli
Time of Update: 2021-02-19
Thus, the synthesis of useful carotenoids with metabolic pathway-engineered microorganisms should offer an alternative and promising approach for their efficient production.
Here, we describe a novel method for an efficient production of such carotenoids, usingE.
coli cells that carry heterologous mevalonate pathway-based genes.
coli cells carrying only the lycopene-producing plasmid.
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Molecular Biology Methods for Detection and Identification of Cryptosporidium Species in Feces, Water, and Shellfish
Time of Update: 2021-02-19
A number of fairly standard target genes have been assessed as detection targets, including 18 S rRNA, microsatellites, and heat-shock (stress) proteins.
Methodology based on adaptation of commercial kits has been developed and successfully employed to recover amplifiable DNA directly from water, food (particularly seafood), and fecal samples.
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Analysis of Protein Factors that Interact with Adenovirus Early Promoters
Time of Update: 2021-02-19
On account of their relatively small, defined genomes, viruses have long been a convenient model system in which to study eucaryotic gene expression. Usually, viral infection is followed by early gen
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Detection of Mycoplasmas in Cell Culture by Fluorescence Methods
Time of Update: 2021-02-19
The fluorescence stains used most often for mycoplasma detection are DNA binding fluorochromes (DNAFs) and fluoresceinated antibodies.
DNAFs will bind to any appropriately conformed DNA that is present in a sample preparation and are, therefore, not specific for mycoplasmas.
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DNA Microarray to Analyze AdenovirusHost Interactions
Time of Update: 2021-02-19
DNA chips allow high-throughput evaluation of the profile of transduced cells and have contributed to underlining specific aspects of vector toxicity both in in vitro and in vivo assets.
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Volatile Sulfur Detection in Fermented Foods
Time of Update: 2021-02-19
This chapter describes the use headspace analysis with cryofocusing to detect low levels (ppb) of volatile sulfur compounds produced via fermentation of milk.
Milk is a good sample of a difficult substrate that reacts with volatile compounds and is reflective of the level of difficulty for this analysis.
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Cytokines in Blister Fluids
Time of Update: 2021-02-19
In the history of clinical pathology, all the body fluids have been employed to examine several types of molecules. Obviously, the serum has always been the principle source of exploration, although
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Purification of Dendritic Cells from Peripheral Blood
Time of Update: 2021-02-19
It is well established that dendritic cells (DC) exhibit different phenotypes and functions as they progress down the developmental pathway toward interdigitating DC that stimulate T cells in the secondary lymphoid tissue ( 1 ).
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Algorithms for Systematic Identification of Small Subgraphs
Time of Update: 2021-02-19
In cancer research for example, one is able to derive knowledge about putative drug targets by revealing the strengths and weaknesses inherent in a protein–protein interaction (PPI) network.
In addition, the study of biological networks is now an active part of molecular biology.
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Other spirochetes
Time of Update: 2021-02-19
First, for the return of the thermal helix, lice as the medium of transmission, causing the epidemic of regression fever, the domestic epidemic is mainly the return of this kind of heat.
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Monitoring Autophagy in Dictyostelium
Time of Update: 2021-02-19
Autophagy is an intracellular degradation mechanism essential for cell survival and maintenance of cellular homeostasis, differentiation, and development.
We describe here the use of confocal microscopy to detect the pattern of different autophagic markers and the differences expected in strains deficient in autophagy.
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Morphological and Molecular Genetic Analysis of Epigenetic Switching of the Human Fungal Pathogen Candida albicans
Time of Update: 2021-02-19
Here, we describe basic methods to discriminate between white and opaque switching variants, based on cellular and macroscopic morphologies, expression levels of phase-specific transcripts, Wor1 protein levels, as well as quantitative mating assays.
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Polioviruses: Concurrent Serotyping and Intratypic Differentiation of Polioviruses
Time of Update: 2021-02-19
Enteroviruses multiply in the alimentary tract but can spread to other organs and cause a variety of diseases, which depending on the individual enterovirus type, include poliomyelitis, aseptic meningitis, rashes, respiratory illness, eye disease, and cardiac disease.
Rhinoviruses multiply in the respiratory tract and are one cause of the common cold.
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PCR Methods for Identification of Point Mutations and Gene Rearrangements
Time of Update: 2021-02-18
The polymerase chain reaction ( PCR ) allows the specific amplifica tion of either RNA orDNA nucleotide sequences ( 1 , 2 ).
The specific ity of the reaction is a result of the requirement of DNA polymerases for a primer that is extended only when annealed to its complemen tary sequence.
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Phage Replication Technology for Diagnosis and Drug Susceptibility Testing
Time of Update: 2021-02-18
Of the world’s infectious diseases, tuberculosis remains the leading cause of mortality and it has been estimated that of the eight million new cases that occur each year 95% are found in the less developed countries ( 1 , 2 ).
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Colonization Capability of Lactobacilli and Pathogens in the Respiratory Tract of Mice: Microbiological, Cytological, Structural, and Ultrastructural Studies
Time of Update: 2021-02-18
Those produced byStreptococcus pneumoniae are reported to have the highest incidence in the world, affecting both children and old people.
Respiratory tract infections in the developing countries in the Americas are among the first three causes of death in children under 1 yr and between the first and second cause in children between 1 and 4 yr old.
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Regulation of Murine Interferon Regulatory Factor Gene Expression in the Central Nervous System Determined by Multiprobe RNase Protection Assay
Time of Update: 2021-02-18
We sought to examine the expression and regulation of the IRF genes in a number of different murine models for immune- or virally induced central nervous system disease.
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Rapid Detection and Identification of Dengue Viruses by Reverse Transcriptase/Polymerase Chain Reaction
Time of Update: 2021-02-18
Improvements in nucleic acid amplification by PCR, and development of sensitive nonisotopic technologies for detection of amplified viral genes have facilitated the introduction of molecular methods into the diagnostic laboratory.