[Nature Magazine] Childhood liver cancer is caused by epigenetic mutations, and its origin is just a hepatoblast!

This article is original by Translational Medicine.
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Author: Liz Zee Guide: Hepatoblastoma (HB) is the most common malignant tumor in children, and it is also one of the most common malignant tumors in children under 5 years of age
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HB is believed to be derived from liver precursor cells, and its morphology is similar to immature liver cells
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Because the prognosis of patients varies greatly, tumor distribution, tumor staging, and complete tumor resection are all considered prognostic indicators of HB
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Researchers at Hiroshima University analyzed molecular studies of nearly 160 cases of childhood liver cancer, and discovered molecular markers that help understand and treat huge differences in prognosis
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This research was published in "Nature Communications" on September 20, and the paper is titled "Genetic and epigenetic basis of hepatoblastoma diversity"
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Hepatoblastoma (HB) is the most common liver cancer in children
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It manifests as abdominal pain and tumorous abdominal masses, and it mainly affects children under three years of age, especially children who are born prematurely or with very low birth weight
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Surgical removal of tumors and preoperative chemotherapy have been shown to cure HB patients, but the prognosis of HB patients also varies greatly
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The underlying cause is not clear, nor is the genetic susceptibility and molecular aberrations that cause these differences
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The term molecular aberration refers to any abnormalities in genes that can cause changes in gene expression
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Molecular aberrations may be gene mutations, duplication of DNA fragments, or abnormal DNA methylation patterns
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Methylation and demethylation involve the addition or removal of one carbon atom and three hydrogen atoms (a group of methyl groups) from molecules throughout the body, respectively, like billions of small switches
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In DNA, methyl groups are added or removed from cytosine nucleotides along the gene sequence
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Cytosine methylation is closely related to the level of gene expression.
It also provides an important epigenetic effect (or how your environment or even behavior changes the way your body reads DNA sequences).
Transforming into different body functions is crucial, especially during development
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In addition, a comprehensive genomic analysis of HB tumor cells (a collection of all genetic material in them) showed that they are the least mutations in all childhood solid tumors
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This strongly suggests that epigenetic variation is one of the causes of the disease
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"In order to improve the prognosis of HB patients, we really need to know what these epigenetic drivers are," said Eiso Hiyama of the Center for Basic Research and Development of Natural Sciences at Hiroshima University.
"And to explore what'cells of origin' are - basically It is the origin of everything
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” Therefore, the research team performed genomic, epigenome, and methylation analyses on 163 untreated childhood liver tumors
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The survey is divided into three main parts
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First, the researchers identified genetic variants to clarify the genomic drivers of HB, thereby elucidating the genetic aspects of cancer susceptibility
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Second, they delineated a "methylation profile" (a collection of all methylation modifications in the genome) to reveal the many ways in which HB cancer originated
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These different pathways are in turn classified according to their environmental impact.
In doing so, scientists have revealed the origin of different subtypes of cancer related to different pathological characteristics, genomic changes, and gene expression
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Finally, the research team combined clinical information with all these molecular characteristics to accurately stratify different types of HB patients
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In most cases, they found that the occurrence of cancer is driven by the increased production of the transcription factor ASCL2 and the selective methylation pattern of insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF2)
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Transcription factors control the rate of transcription of genetic information from DNA to messenger RNA (the molecular chain that plays an intermediary role in genetic activities)
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Messenger RNA reads and copies the DNA formula, and then continues to "translate" the formula into various proteins that make up most parts of the human body
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At the site of HB cancer, the ASCL2 transcription factor plays a vital role in this process
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At the same time, IGF2 is believed to stimulate the growth of children's tissues and cell differentiation
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Methylation analysis also revealed that HB cancer is characterized by a decrease in the number of methylated cytosines in the enhancer region
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The enhancer region of the genetic code is the site where transcription factors bind to it—in this case, the region where ASCL2 binds to DNA
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This leads to an exceptionally extended production time for ASCL2
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This, together with the IGF2 methylation pattern similar to that of fetal liver, indicates that the "cell of origin" is a hepatoblast
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Hepatoblasts are the precursors of fetal liver cells.
They are very similar to intestinal epithelial cells in many respects.
Intestinal epithelial cells are protective cells arranged on the outer surface of organs.
Like cancer cells, they are prone to proliferate in large numbers
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This systematic analysis of HB tumors should now allow a more accurate ranking of the risks faced by different patients and the genomic therapies that are more suitable for their particular circumstances
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Reference materials: https:// Note: This article aims to introduce the progress of medical research and cannot be used as a reference for treatment options
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If you need health guidance, please go to a regular hospital
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